Anderson And Hemingways Use Of The First Person Essay -- essays resear

"It is a story told by a dolt, brimming with sound and anger, meaning nothing."At one point in his short story, "Big Two-Hearted River: Part II", Hemingway's character Nick talks in the principal individual. Why he embraces, for one line in particular, the principal individual voice is an intriguing inquiry, without a simple answer. Sherwood Anderson does likewise in the prologue to his work, Winesburg, Ohio. The principal piece, called "The Book of the Grotesque", is told from the primary individual perspective. Be that as it may, after this presentation, Anderson decides not to permit the principal individual to portray the work. Anderson and Hemingway both composed assortments of short stories told as an outsider looking in, and the interruption of the primary individual storyteller in these two pieces is agitating. In the two occasions, however, the peruser is left with a significantly more engrossing story; one in which the peruser is, indeed, a principle character. Except for "My Old Man", which is totally in the primary individual , and "On the Quai at Smyrna", which is just perhaps in the principal individual, there is only one occurrence In Our Time wherein a character talks in the main individual. It happens in "Big Two-Hearted River: Part II", a seriously close to home story which totally inundates the peruser in the activities and musings of Nick Adams. Hemingway's usage of the omniscient third individual storyteller permits the peruser to envision the entirety of Nick's activities and environmental factors, which would have been significantly more hard to achieve utilizing first individual portrayal. Scratch is seen setting up his camp in "Big Two-Hearted River: Part I" in cozy detail, from picking the ideal spot to set his tent to heating up a pot of espresso before resting. The story is totally composed the in third individual and is loaded with pictures, sounds, and scents. In "Big Two-Hearted River: Part II" Hemingway precisely depicts Nick's activities as he angles for trout. Subtleties of his angling trip are told so unmistakably that the peruser is just about a functioning member in the undertaking rather than somebody perusing a story. He cautiously and expertly discovers grasshoppers for lure, goes about breakfast and lunch-production, and sets off into the cool stream. By being both inside and outside Nick's considerations, the peruser can detect decisively the dramatization that Hemingway wishes to bring to trout fishing.... ...craft of the story. The whole book is a discourse among storyteller and peruser. The impact is that the peruser turns out to be much increasingly associated with the accounts. Both of these works are not normal for others from a similar timespan which are told totally utilizing first individual portrayal. Gertrude Stein's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas and Anita Loos' Gentlemen Prefer Blondes are both composed completely in the principal individual. However, both of these read like journals, of which the peruser is only that - a peruser. Neither one of the ones has a point where the peruser is so certainly brought into the story deliberately by the creator. By hopping suddenly into first individual as opposed to utilizing it from the beginning, Hemingway and Anderson all the more successfully do this. Anderson's and Hemingway's abrupt changes to first individual portrayal obviously couldn't have been insignificant mix-ups, and their reasons may have been significantly more tangled than believable to late twentieth century perusers. What is left are two assortments of short stories in which the peruser assumes a genuine job. The interruption of first individual portrayal makes these accounts wake up such that a third individual portrayal can't, a tribute to the expertise of both of these creators.

Debate 2nd Speaker LGBT Free Essays

I’m the second speaker for the recommendation group and our stand is transgender ought to be named the third sexual orientation. My first point is that transgender ought to be given a legitimate acknowledgment in the general public. Let’s be straightforward, there’s a decent possibility that you have not known about Transgender Day of Remembrance. We will compose a custom exposition test on Discussion second Speaker LGBT or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now How regularly do we really consider the â€Å"T† in LGBT? Throughout the years, there have been excessively numerous instances of abhor wrongdoings that have been inspired by an individual’s sexual inclination. Regularly, what brief these wrongdoings are inspirations of dread and obliviousness. Human sexuality is very muddled †in what capacity would it be advisable for one to see the sexuality of a transgender individual? On the off chance that the person are post-operation, does that mean they’re still in fact transgender? All things considered, one would need to state that all violations submitted against transgender people are spurred by homophobia (pessimistic sentiments/mentalities against LGBT). Be that as it may, is this fundamentally the correct view to see this subject? The Transgender Day of Remembrance began in the late 90s, and it is a day put aside to recollect those individuals from the trans network who have been killed, killed in the earlier years for essentially being trans or being seen to be trans. One such case, being Rita Hester who was 34 years of age when she was discovered dead in her condo in 1998. This case was appalling for various reasons, not the least of which is the way that it accomplished less national consideration than the homicide of Matthew Shepard, which happened five weeks sooner (a white male). There are as yet a lot more inquiries that are unanswered, however what is sure is the impact these sorts of violations have had on the LGBT people group and what the absence of consideration and activity implies. Taking everything into account, my group is unmistakably directly in saying transgender ought to be delegated the third sexual orientation since they ought to be given a legitimate acknowledgment in the general public. The most effective method to refer to Debate second Speaker LGBT, Papers

Riot Round-Up The Best Books We Read in May

Riot Round-Up The Best Books We Read in May We asked our contributors to share the best book they read this month. We’ve got fiction, nonfiction, YA, and much, much more- there are book recommendations for everyone here! Some are old, some are new, and some aren’t even out yet. Enjoy and tell us about the highlight of your reading month in the comments. Above Us Only Sky  by Michele Young-Stone History. Heartwarming. Families separated by oceans, wars, and generations. These are words that would typically make me think “Nope! Not for me!” as I much prefer my fiction placed firmly in the present, and filled with numerous psychological horrors. But this story about a girl born with wings, and the generations that came before her, mesmerized me with its mix of magical realism, storytelling, and survival. Love love love.   Steph Auteri American Housewife: Stories by Helen Ellis Since I work from home and have caregiving responsibilities for my family, I feel in some ways a kinship to the American housewives in Helen Ellis’ short story collection. Ellis is a gifted writer and somehow manages to unify the diverse experiences of women who stay at home. Her collection is at once hysterical as it is bittersweet. And at under 190 pages in a petite size, American Housewife is a satisfying single-sitting read. File this one away for your next readathon. Sarah S. Davis Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany I picked up the Babel-17 audiobook because I thought it was a recent release. And as I listened to it, I had no other reason to think otherwise for the first few chapters: The hero â€" poet and space captain Rydra Wong â€" is on the autism spectrum. Her friends are in polyamorous, non-binary relationships, and are very much into body modification. Coding is a part of the plot. Then I heard some dated language and looked the book up: it was published (and won the Nebula) in 1966. I don’t want to tell you any more than that for fear of spoiling you, so check it out for a space adventure set in a very cool universe (I wish this were a series so I could get more Rydra) and an excellent meditation on the power of language. A.J. O’Connell Bloodline by Claudia Gray As a huge Leia fan, I had basically been counting down the days to this one and I’m happy to say it didn’t disappoint. Bloodline is set years prior to the events of The Force Awakens during the dissolution of the New Republic as Leia undertakes a dangerous final Senatorial mission. It’s told through the point of view of Leia, as well as her Senatorial staff, allies, and enemies. I loved getting a window into the political manoeuvrings happening in the background of all the action and friendship of the Star Wars films, and I especially loved actually getting to see Leia be the brave, savvy, compassionate, and all-around-badass political operator we know she is. And without giving too much away, I was also impressed with the extent to which Bloodline inserted women into the New Republic and the rise of the First Order. I’d recommend for even casual Star Wars fans. Maddie Rodriguez Booked by Kwame Alexander Again, Kwame Alexander delivers a stunning middle grade book in verse following his Newbery winner, The Crossover. In Booked, twelve-year-old Nick navigates girls, soccer, and a family falling apart. He finds peace in poetry, words, and the advice from a rapping school librarian who steals the show with his rhymes and his “I Like Big Books” t-shirts. No word is wasted in this gorgeous book of verse; it’s a must read for every middle grader and beyond. Karina Glaser Confessions by Kanae Minato What happens when a middle school teacher’s daughter is murdered by two of her students? What about if she chooses to get revenge upon them and let everyone in the class know that’s how she’s handling the crime? This is a horrifying (and sometimes horrifyingly funny), weird, dark, noir-y book that keeps you turning pages as you flip through the perspectives of the teacher who is mourning the death of her daughter and the two young boys accused of the murder. It’s twisty and turny and unexpected in every possible way, and the ending is totally unexpected and terribly satisfying in ways that leave you as a reader questioning your own humanity. It’s a Japanese crime read in the Iyamisu subgenre, and fans of Natsuo Kirino will love this, as should those who enjoyed The Vegetarian. Kelly Jensen Crazy Rich Asians by Kevin Kwan Holy crap, this book. It was 1) so fun, 2) such a good audiobook, 3) addictive, I could not stop listening. Even though the book was populated by a ton of unlikable characters, Kwan did an amazing job making sure that they were juuust evil enough that they didn’t actually make the book unbearable to read; the good characters, on the other hand, were people that you definitely wanted to root for. Lynn Chen’s narration was superb. Every character (and there were so many, with many different accents) had a different voice without being, you know, hokey. I stayed up late into the night with headphones on for this book. Susie Rodarme Dragonfish by Vu Tran Neo-noir is one of my favorite genres, but it’s hard to find books that really get it right and harder to find books that do something different with it. Robert is a cop who is still obsessed with his ex-wife Suzy, a secretive Vietnamese immigrant who left him years ago. His obsession sends him to Suzy’s new husband, Sonny, a Vietnamese gangster in Las Vegas and from there things go about as well as you’d expect. It’s a dark and sometimes violent book, but Tran sometimes interrupts Robert’s story to tell you Suzy’s and you realize that absolutely nothing is as it seems. Jessica Woodbury Eligible by Curtis Sittenfeld Modern Jane Austen reboots are my weakness and Cincinnati (where this book is set) is my hometown. Those facts alone combine to ensure that this book would be my favorite for the month. The Bennet family is modernized into yogis, Crossfit enthusiasts, and online shopping addiction sufferers in this modern twist on Austen’s classic. Although you think you know the basic trajectory of Pride and Prejudice, this book manages to create a fresh take that still has a few surprises in store. Amanda Kay Oaks The Eustace Diamonds by Anthony Trollope Poor Lizzie Eustace! Widowed at a young age, she’s now being asked to give up the valuable diamonds that her late husband gave her to be her very ownor so she says. Lizzie’s lies and other hijinks in her effort to keep “her” diamonds while finding her next husband make this a highly entertaining and humorous read. Although Lizzie gets the most attention, the book contains a large cast of characters, and the women are especially well-written. There’s Lucy Morris, a governess who longs to marry Frank Greystock, a lawyer who is also being wooed by Lizzie. And Lucinda Roanoke, an American, becomes engaged but then realizes she can’t bear the idea of marriage and appears to go mad. This book is the third in Trollope’s Palliser series, although it can stand on its own. A few characters from previous Palliser books appear, but they remain mostly on the sidelines. Teresa Preston Everything I Never Told You by Celeste Ng What a freakin’ gut punch. Or, rather, a series of gut punches. The Lee family silently struggles with being mixed race, but no one talks about it. Ever. Until Lydia, the perfect daughter, is dead. What follows is an attempt to untangle the mess and history of the family’s past and present. The writing is gorgeous and the story is winding and complicated and heart-breaking and so many things all wrapped up in one. This one will stick with you for a while. Ashley Holstrom The Girls by Emma Cline (Random House, June 2016) Emma Cline’s prose has the feel of a deftly-handled chef’s knife in its attention to diction and syntax. She has total control of each sentence and it is an enviable quality. The story, told much from the perspective of a teenage girl who joins a Manson Family style cult, takes that same knife and dulls it, sullies it with onion juice and meat gristle, buries it in the dirt to rust, and unearths it years later. It becomes more beautiful that way, mesmerizing and attractive, an object to be tucked in your belt and carried around. Keep it by your side: in jealousy, in lust, in fear, in awe. It’s a pretty fucking brilliant debut, one worthy of its ravenous hype. I was entranced, to say the least. Aram Mrjoian Heroine Complex by Sarah Kuhn (DAW, July 2016) I LOVED this book. Asian lady superheroes are my jam, and every page of Sarah Kuhn’s novel delighted me immensely. Evie Tanaka is best friends with and the much-beleaguered personal assistant to superheroine Aveda Jupiter, who destroys demons tearing up San Francisco. Their friendship is a bit uneven, with Evie catering to Aveda’s whims and caprices, even as she deals with her own emerging superpowers. Seeing the way both women deal with those hard moments in both constructive and selfish ways was a welcome surprise, because women don’t often get to be both things and grow. Kuhn’s writing is bouncy and engaging, and Evie is very clearly spun into a captivating character. I also have to give Kuhn props for balancing romance and humour and L drama, and making me wish that Heroine Complex would go on just a little bit longer. Angel Cruz Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi (Knopf, June 7th) This multi-generational novel has been getting all the positive buzz by other Book Rioters so I knew I had to pick it up myself and give it a try. The story begins with two half sisters and follows the family tree down those branches across around 100 pages through Ghana and (eventually) the United States. Each chapter follows a different member in the family line, alternating between different sides of the family. Despite the fact that you are only seeing snippets of each person’s life, Yaa Gyasi is still able to create a connection between the reader and these characters. Each chapter is filled with so much emotion and depth and tackles so many different topics. Even though so much of this book was so emotional, I didn’t want to put it down. Rincey Abraham Little Labors by Rivka Galchen This book is part memoir, part essay, part literary criticism, part sociology, part who knows what, and I loved it. Galchen writes in what feels like a newly-forming tradition of books about motherhood and parenting that don’t fit neatly into any genre, a tradition that includes Maggie Nelson, Heidi Julavits, and Sarah Manguso. It’s exciting writing, fresh, surprising, and vital. Like other books in this style, Little Labors is made up of short sections that move between personal experience and the larger world in ways that consistently illuminate what it means and has meant to be a woman and a mother. Rebecca Hussey Lincoln in the Bardo by George Saunders(Random House, Feb. 14, 2017) Saunders has released several story collections, and a novella, but this is officially his first novel. And what an amazing, magical thing it is! He has destroyed any notions of the novel as we know it and rebuilt it to suit his beautiful mind. Lincoln in the Bardo is a weird, mesmerizing story about the death of Willie Lincoln, his interment in a borrowed crypt, and the stories of his neighbors in the cemetery, who are perplexed that as a child, he has not already moved on to the next spiritual plane. Its an absolute work of genius! But lets be honest no one expected anything less from George Saunders. Liberty Hardy Mongrels by Stephen Graham Jones The bestthe  best werewolf novel I have ever read. Its a coming-of-age story of a young boy whose family lives on the fringes of society for several reasons: theyre brown, theyre poor, oh oh and also theyre werewolves constantly on the run from the law. Come for the heartbreak, the desperation, the superglue holding this family together; stay for the tidbits about lycanthrope daily life (like why they can never, ever wear pantyhose). Amanda Nelson The Mothers by Brit Bennett (Riverhead, October 11, 2016) This book is something special: sage and sad and spectacular. Focused on a church that acts as both center and centrifuge for a black Southern California community,  The Mothers  follows a trio of young people as they make decisions about their future and live in the aftermath of those choices. The structure and plotting are genius, letting you dive deep into a particular character at some points and slide between them, in fragments and fractures, at others. The book is narrated by the church mothers, elderly women who see all (and have seen it all, as their periodic reports from their century of black womanhood make clear), a conceit that works so well it hurts. When I wrote  a recent post on books about finding your place in the world, I hadn’t read  The Mothers. If I had, it would have featured grandly among those other fantastic titles. This is a book about how the choices you make, and those made for you, shape the lovely, hopeful tragedy of your life. * Derek Attig The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern Morgenstern’s book should come with a disclaimer: may lead to bookish existential crises. I’d picked it up as therapy, thinking it’d fill the Harry Potter void, but I ended up with a bucket of feels and another hole in my heart. The Night Circus is all kinds of beautiful, and combines a heart-wrenching love story with gorgeous fantasy. The story of two apprentices trained to battle each other with their magical powers, it’ll leave you dazed. I still cannot decide if I want more of the same genre, or want to swear off books completely because everything else will likely be a disappointment now (I kid, I kid; I’ve ordered more books since then) Deepali Agarwal The Queue by Basma Abdel Aziz, translated by Elisabeth Jaquette I have this thing about people describing things as “Orwellian” when, usually, they’re not. In this case, though, the description is spot on. Much like the opening chapters of 1984, you’re led to believe that you’re reading a boring story about bureaucracy. But there’s something decidedly chilling about this queue and what happens in the lives of the people who find themselves waiting there for months on end. They are counting on the Gate to open and to give them the approvals they need to continue with their normal lives. Meanwhile, people are dying. Lives are crumbling. And they are being watched. It’s a crazy ride one where you feel like you’ve jumped on in the middle and where you get pushed off before it comes to a full stop. It’s awesome. Cassandra Neace Quiet Neighbors by Catriona McPherson (Midnight Ink, April 8, 2016) DC had 19 days of cool, gray, soul-crushing rain this May. So, instead of reading books to get me excited for summer (which will apparently never arrive) I dove into this mystery set in a Scottish bookstore. This cozy book follows a library cataloguer trying to outrun her past, the bookstore’s owner as he makes sense of his family’s history, and a young woman searching for her place in the word. It’s got everything I love: unreliable narrators, family secrets, old graveyards, rich descriptions of bookstores, and eccentrics. To solve the mystery, the group must make sense of a notes in a dead man’s books. If you’re a fan of books, bookstores, or libraries (and you are because you’re reading this site) you’ll enjoy this mystery. Ashley Bowen-Murphy Reclaim Your Brain: How to Calm Your Thoughts, Heal Your Mind, and Bring Your Life Back Under Control by Joseph A. Annibali, M.D. I sort of randomly decided to give this book a try after discovering it on the Volumes app and was a bit skeptical about it given the preponderance of mediocre medical self-help titles pouring out of the publishing gates these days. I’m really glad I gave it a chance. Annibali is a psychiatrist from northern Virginia who treats a lot of the common psychoneurological plagues of the twenty-first centuryâ€"ADD/ADHD, anxiety, depression, OCD, and PTSD. He’s also pioneered the use of brain SPECT imaging to observe patterns common to these conditions, such as reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex and overactivity in other parts of brain. In Reclaim Your Brain, he details the biological processes behind these conditions and outlines coping techniques and DIY therapies that patients with mild to moderate cases can benefit from with or without the oversight of a medical practitioner. I highly recommend this book to anyone who suffers from one of the aforementioned conditions, or has a friend or family member who does. Kate Scott The Star of Kazan by Eva Ibbotson I picked this up in hopes that reading it would mean I could sell more of the stacks of Eva Ibbotson we have at the bookstore, and now I know why so many people rushed out to buy her books in the first place. I listened to the audiobook, and the word that I can’t avoid while thinking about this book is “charming.” The plot is not particularly surprising, but the characters are vivid and the setting (Vienna in the early 1900s) is beautifully described. I also found the humor worked really well even (especially?) as an adult reader. I’m already eying up Journey To the River Sea as a future read. Danika Ellis Three Dark Crowns by Kendare Blake (HarperTeen, September 20) Three queen triplets born, raised apart, taught that upon their sixteenth year whoever kills the other two gets to keep the queen title. Yeah, you read that right and there’s more. SO MUCH MORE. The queens each have powers they need to master, and while it seems they’re not doing such a great job of that the people around them are making up for it by plotting and scheming. If this book were a meal it would be the everything-but-the-kitchen-sink ingredients meal and everyone would be raving about its deliciousness. There are poisoners, poison eaters, animal tamers, controllers of the elements, suitors and seducers, betrayalâ€"of course!â€"and a hell of an ending… Jamie Canaves Still Life by Louise Penny If cozy mysteries are your jam, you need to read Louise Penny. Set in a small, remote town in Quebec, this book is SO charming, despite the tragic events that drive the plot. The main characters are lovably quirky and ridiculously clever, the sort of people you immediately wish you could hang out with. Penny’s writing style is full of wisdom and humor, of the “make sport for our neighbors and laugh at them in our turn” variety. It was so smart and delightful there were times I felt like I was reading something by J.K. Rowlingâ€"in fact, Still Life is everything I’d hoped Casual Vacancy would be. Plus, props to Penny for writing a book where art actually plays a crucial and believable role in the story. I’m kicking myself for waiting so long to dive into this series. Definitely a must read! Tasha Brandstatter The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl Squirrel Meets World  by Shannon Hale and Dean Hale (Marvel/Hyperion, February 2017) This was the only ARC I was concerned about nabbing from BEA, and my focus and dedication paid. Off. Squirrel Meets World is everything you love about the Squirrel Girl comics (you do read the Squirrel Girl comics, right? RIGHT?) but in a funny, sweet YA novel. The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl tackles bullying, babysitting, and all sorts of high school drama, including what it’s like to be a 14-year-old girl with a bushy tail. If you love superhero origin stories, smart girls solving problems, and the secret underworld of New York rodents, this is the book for you. Jesse Doogan Unashamed by Lecrae I didn’t know much about hip-hop artist Lecrae before I read this memoir… I knew a few of his songs, and I saw him on Jimmy Fallon last year, that’s about it. But I’d heard that he had a really interesting story, so when I spotted his book at BEA I snatched it up. I started it right away and I couldn’t put it down he DOES have a really interesting story, and he tells it with transparency and grace. I really loved it. Christy Childers Uprooted by Naomi Novik I randomly picked up this book at an indie bookstore while on vacation and it was so engrossing I barely paused to refill my wine glass while reading. I loved the fierce but flawed main character and the grouchy wizard, but what makes it a favorite is the seriously creepy sentient forest that serves as the evil force in this fairy tale fantasy. Plus, major bonus points for a complicated female friendship and just the right dose of romantic tension that doesn’t overwhelm the main plot. Molly Wetta The Veins of the Ocean by Patricia Engel (Grove Press) The shelf-talker I promised my local indie I would write about this will need to be the size of a billboard to be able to contain all feels I have for this book. Family secrets, immigration issues, and ultimate redemption… I am here for all of it. Engel’s voice is raw and emotional, and she writes a dark family dynamic with a brutal honesty that is at once both refreshing and painful. But through it all, love remains the constant thread in Reina Castillo’s story. And that love helps her to discover who she is both within and without her broken family. Elizabeth Allen *Edited to fix a formatting glitch.

Synopsis Of The Security Comparison - 1321 Words

Synopsis The following table displays the synopsis of the security comparison: Functions Oracle SQL Server Authentication Authentication by OS, Network, Oracle, multi-tier, SSL, and database administrators. Windows authentication integration. Mixed mode of Windows and SQL Server maintained within SQL Server. Authorization User resource limits and profiles. Privileges. Roles. Applications Roles. Fine-Grained Access Control. Fixed server, database, and users roles. Ownership and User-schema separation. Least privileges. Role-based. Ownership chains. Data Encryption Key-based transparent data encryption of columns and tablespaces. Internal certificate store manages asymmetric or symmetric keys and certificates. Auditing Enterprise Manager administers various types, records, and trails. SQL Server Audit trace events, notifications, successful and unsuccessful logins. Strengths Oracle can provide advance security and compliance capabilities with the addition of Enterprise Edition and the release of Oracle 12c. One feature, Label Security, has the ability to control access based on data classification and enforce multi-level security policies. Another, Data Redaction, reduces the amount of sensitive data and Transparent Data Encryption encrypts the data as it leaves the database. Third, Database Firewall and Audit Vault, provides first line defenses before access into the database. Fourth, Key Vault, provides central management of encryption keys, Oracle Wallets, andShow MoreRelatedPolaris Securities Co. Ltd1676 Words   |  7 PagesPolaris Securities Co. Ltd has experienced substantial growth in the countries of Taiwan and Hong Kong. This document will review a case created around Polaris Securities and the strategies behind its success. 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Madness In Hamlet Essay - 869 Words

Confused to Death†¦? Baffled by the unconventional events taking place in the castle of Elsinore, Denmark, the ordinary commoner might see the royal family as disturbed and in need of an intervention. In Shakespeares Hamlet, the main character, Hamlet, decides to fake his own derangement in order to prove his uncle Claudius guilty of the murder of his brother, King Hamlet. To avoid anyone discovering him, he maintains his crazy act in front of his own love interest, Ophelia, perplexing her to the point of lunacy. One of the main contributors to Ophelia’s authentic madness is Hamlet’s pretense of insanity, leading to both Hamlet and Ophelia’s ultimate defeat. From the â€Å"big-picture† point of view, it may seem that Hamlet has genuinely gone†¦show more content†¦In contrast to Hamlet, Ophelia did in fact go crazy for many reasons, one being Hamlet’s madness. After â€Å"going mad,† Hamlet taunts Ophelia numerous times when he says things like, â€Å"I could interpret between you and your love,/ if I could see the puppets dallying† (â… ¢.â… ¡). It is Hamlet’s statements that leave Ophelia embarrassed and confused, which eventually lead her to madness. She becomes so distressed by the thought of Hamlet’s incapability to love her back. When Ophelia went mad, even a gentleman just passing by noticed how â€Å"she speaks things in doubt,/ that carry but half sense. Her speech is nothing† (â… £.â… ¤). When Ophelia loses it, she really goes insane. Her words only make sense â€Å"half† of the time as if she is only half there in her brain as well. Ophelia is pitied by most people who come into contact with her and when she dies, Gertrude justifies Ophelia’s death by saying that she was â€Å"incapable of her own distress† (â… £.â… ¦). The amount of pity that Ophelia received is so much that â€Å"Poor Ophelia† is mentioned twice in act fo ur. While Ophelia’s madness becomes a pity party, Hamlet’s madness is seen as strange and unusual. Ophelia became mad because of her confusion inflicted by Hamlet. Both characters’ actions, out of madness or not, lead to their ultimate defeat. Observing Hamlet’s behavior, Ophelia says that he is acting â€Å"as if he had been loosed out of hell† (â… ¡.â…  ). Confused about his strange acts, she even wondered if he had been possessed. WhatShow MoreRelatedThe Pretended Madness of Hamlet in Hamlet Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the main character Hamlet is believed to have gone insane after the death of his father. There is much evidence in the play that causes one to believe that Hamlet is in fact crazy. However, there are also indications to the contrary, Hamlet only feigns madness for the purpose of carrying out his mission. He rehearses his pretend madness first with Ophelia for even if he fails to convinc e her , that failure would not cause him any harm. The language he uses is clearlyRead MoreEssay on Hamlet Madness Analyzed630 Words   |  3 Pages16, 2012 AP Literature Free Response 2001. One definition of madness is â€Å"mental delusion or the eccentric behavior arising from it.† But Emily Dickinson wrote â€Å"Much madness is divinest sense to a discerning eye.† Novelists and playwrights have often seen madness with a â€Å"discerning eye†. Select a novel or play in which as character’s apparent madness or irrational behavior plays an important role. Then write a well-organized essay in which you explain what this delusion or eccentric behavior consistsRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - Observations of Madness Essay2629 Words   |  11 PagesHamlet: Observations of Madness One of the most analyzed plays in existence is the tragedy Hamlet, with its recurring question: Is Hamlet’s antic disposition feigned or real? 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This essay will treat this aspect of the drama.    George Lyman Kittredge in the Introduction to The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, explains the lack of success with Hamlet’s pretended insanity, and in so doing he implies that the madness is entirely feigned and not real:Read MoreHamlet Relationships And Madness Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesRelationships and Madness A few of the characters within the play Hamlet showed signs of madness. The characters went mad due to the antagonizing relationships they had with other characters; the madness within the play created a chain reaction among the characters. In the end, the characters’ madness led to their own and others untimely demise. Claudius’ jealousy of Hamlet senior began his downward spiral to madness. Claudius’ lust for Queen Gertrude, his brother’s wife, led to him killing Hamlet seniorRead MoreHamlet and Ophelia’s Madness Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is one of Shakespeare’s most tragic plays. Most of the characters in this play suffered a heartbreaking death, although, all of the characters faced anger, regret, madness or distress. Madness was a reoccurring theme in this play, two characters portrayed this more than others. Ophelia and Hamlet faced similar fates, with similarities and differences along the way, all to do with their madness. Hamlet and Ophelia were two young people in love and were supposedlyRead MoreEssay A Study of Madness in Hamlet1843 Words   |  8 PagesStudy of Madness in Hamlet I think that one of the most poignant themes of Hamlet is the presentation and importance of madness. We first see a glimpse of madness with Hamlet who pretends to be mad, using it as a cunning mask while he battles with his own mind and conscience over the idea of revenge. There is also the character of Ophelia who turns mad with grief when she hears of her fathers death. Although while Hamlet is holding up this pretence of madness he slowly Read MoreHamlet, Madness or Sanity Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, Madness or Sanity Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is about a young prince who wants revenge when he learns about the murder of his father. As the play begins, Hamlet’s character appears to be a normal, sane person. Moving through the acts Hamlet’s personality changes from normal to depressed. There are hints of insanity that try to convince people Hamlet is â€Å"mad†. Others might say that Hamlet is faking madness to pursue his goal of revenge. First, he sees a â€Å"ghost† that tells Hamlet whoRead MoreHamlet- Truly Mad, for Freigned Madness? Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Essay- Truly Mad, for Feigned Madness ? Throughout Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the main character, Hamlet, must seek revenge for the murder of his father. Hamlet decides to portray an act of insanity, as part of his plan to murder Claudius. Throughout the play, Hamlet becomes more and more believable in his act, even convincing his mother that he is crazy. However, through his thoughts, and actions, the reader can see that he is in fact putting up an act, he is simply simulating insanityRead More Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Madness of Hamlet Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesThe Madness of Hamlet    William Shakespeare, in the tragedy Hamlet, designed two characters who exhibit symptoms of madness: Ophelia and the prince. Hamlet states his own madness as intentional, purposeful, for the carrying out of the ghost’s admonition. But does Hamlet’s pretended insanity actually touch on real, actual insanity from time to time, or is it consistent? Phyllis Abrahms and Alan Brody in â€Å"Hamlet and the Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy Formula† consider the madness of the hero

Short Story Essay Free Essays

The characters In the science fiction genre are too small minded to see the big picture. These characters are unable to evaluate the consequences of their actions. The characters are also resistant to the warnings of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, their ignorance may not only have jeopardized their own life and freedom, but may also have Jeopardized the lives and freedom of others. Characters in the science fiction genre are unable to evaluate the consequences of their actions and as a result jeopardize their own lives and freedom or the lives and freedom of others. To begin, in the short story â€Å"Men are Different† by Alan Bloch, the Robot is unable to see that treating the man as he would a fellow robot could result in the mans death, and ultimately the end of mankind. In the story the Robot decides that the man needs to be fixed and attempts to see what Is wrong with him: â€Å"†¦ His thermostat circuits were shot†¦ I turned him off without any trouble† (Bloch 1). The robot archeologist Is here studying the last man In the system. When the man begins complaining of the heat the Robot assumes he can fix him by opening him up as he loud do to another Robot. This shows that the Robot is unable to evaluate the consequences that may occur if he tries to fix this man. He is unable to see that he does not have the knowledge to fix a human and ultimately ends up killing the man, and ending mankind as a whole. Next, in the story â€Å"Random Sample† by T. P Caravan, the little girl could not see that by being mean and aggressive towards the aliens she could be putting her life, and the lives of others in Jeopardy. The little girl is telling the psychologist about her encounter with the aliens when she explains, â€Å"Anyway, hey paid a lot of attention to him, so I went over and punched him a couple of times. I’m afraid we broke up the insides of their spaceship a little† (Caravan 2). Here, the little girl Is telling the doctor about how she Interacted with the aliens. She starts explaining what happened and It Is shown that she was very mean and aggressive towards them. By misbehaving and hurting the aliens and their spaceship, it proves that the little girl was unable to evaluate the consequences that would follow her actions. Ultimately, by acting this way towards the aliens she gave them a bad impression of humans which made them return to earth and kill off the human race. Lastly, in the story â€Å"Before Eden† by Arthur C. Clark, the scientists were unable to think about the consequences to Venus and its life forms if they buried their waste on the planet. After Hutchins and Garfield burry their waste and leave, the carpet plant comes back and discovers the garbage they left behind: â€Å"As the carpet crawled back to the lake, it carried contagion to all Its world. Even as the Morning Star set Its course for her distant home, Venus was dying† (Clark 6). When Hutchins and Garfield bury their garbage on Venus, they do not think about how It could affect the planet. The carpet ends up coming back, finding the garbage and then eating It. The concentrated food, chemicals and nicotine from cigarette butts end up infecting the their garbage on the planet, they ultimately killed off all of the life on Venus. In conclusion, these characters in the science fiction genre were unable to evaluate the consequences of their actions and in all cases either put their own lives and freedom r the lives and freedom of others in Jeopardy. The characters in the non-fiction genre are resistant to the warnings of others and as a result, put their own lives and freedom or the lives and freedom of others in harms way. To start, in the story â€Å"The Weapon† by Frederick Brown, the doctor does not listen to the warning of Mr†¦ Maenad about his creation of the weapon. When Mr†¦ Maenad comes to Dry. Graham’s house he expresses his concern about what Dry. Graham is creating: â€Å"Dry. Graham, you are the man who’s scientific work is more likely than that of NY other man to end the human race’s chance for survival† (Brown 1). As soon as Mr†¦ Maenad enters the doctors home, he warns him of how dangerous the weapon he is creating will be to mankind. Dry. Graham is resistant to his warning and claims that he is only advancing science. Ultimately, Dry. Graham ignores the warning and creates a weapon that could destroy mankind. It is only when Mr†¦ Maenad gives a gun to his mentally ill son, that he realizes how destructive the weapon really is if put in the wrong hands. Next, in the story â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† by Ray Bradbury, the hereafter Sickles does not listen to Travis’ warning about leaving the Path and how it could change the future. When Sickles asks why they cannot leave the Path, Travis explains, â€Å"Step on one mouse and you leave your print, like a Grand Canyon, across Eternity. Queen Elizabeth might never be born†¦ There might never be a United States at all. So be careful. Stay on the Path. Never step off† (Bradbury 7). Here, Travis is explaining to Sickles why it is important to never leave the Path. While Travis is explaining this, Sickles questions him and does not believe that what Travis is saying sakes any sense. Sickles ignores the warning and later on in the story when he is running back to the time machine, he steps off the Path and changes the future. Ultimately, he puts peoples lives and freedom in danger by ignoring the warning and changing the future. Lastly, in the story â€Å"The Murderer† by Ray Bradbury, Mr†¦ Brock does not listen to the warning the psychiatrist gives him about damaging technology and as a result Jeopardizes his own freedom. When the psychiatrist is speaking to Mr†¦ Brock, he asks him if he’s aware that the technology he is damaging is not his and says, Mimi don’t want any further help from the Office of Mental Health? You’re ready to take the consequences? (Bradbury 4). The psychiatrist is here explaining that because the technology he destroys is not his, if he does not take help from the Office of Mental Health he will be punished. Mr†¦ Brock ignores the warning and says it is only the beginning. By ignoring the warning, Mr†¦ Brock puts his own freedom in jeopardy and therefore has to remain in prison. The characters in the non fiction genre were too resist ant to the warnings of others, and as a result put their own lives ND freedom or the lives and freedom of others in Jeopardy. In the science fiction genre, characters put their lives and freedom or the lives and freedom of others in Jeopardy. Characters in this genre cannot evaluate the consequences of their actions. The characters are also resistant to the warnings of small minded and blinded by what they want. The characters go by their own agenda rather than considering the greater good. They do not look at the bigger picture which results in their own death and loss of freedom, or the death and loss of freedom of others. How to cite Short Story Essay, Essays

Competitive Strategy Internationalization of Companies Solution

Question: Describe about the Competitive Strategy for Internationalization of Companies. Answer: Introduction In this contemporary business world, organizations aim towards internationalization of their companies. As stated by Berry and Kaul (2015), with increase in internationalization of organizations, the chances of differences also amplifies across market borders. So, it is necessary for the internationalised organizations to reduce the large discrepancies and differences related to culture, structure, working environment and beliefs of the people. Organizations need to chalk out a strategy that addresses these differences and adjust with the local operation under exclusive conditions. According to Collis (2015), one of the approaches used in improving international integration is through Ghemawats AAA Global Strategy Framework. The three AAAs is the acronym of Adaptation, Aggregation and Arbitrage. It, therefore, provides a platform for the internationalized organizations for its sustainable growth, stability, and development. This strategy helps organizations in maintaining a right bal ance between the economics of scale and receptiveness to limited conditions. This report will be discussing Adaptation, Aggregation and Arbitrage aspects about Computer and ICT industries. The organizations taken under Computer Industry are Altium and Atlassian. Moreover, the organizations took under Information Communications Technology (ICT) are Telstra and Austar. This framework will help in prioritizing the choices that encourage organizations to expand beyond borders and have a sustainable business. Adaptation As opined by Dawson and Mukoyama (2014), Adaptation is one of the most effective strategies that aim towards dealing with workplace differences due to globalization. It helps in increasing both market revenue as well as market share matching with its requirements and preferences. Organizations use this Adaption strategy for penetrating into new and potential customer base and that too in a new market. Industry 1: Computer industry (software) Company 1: Altium Limited Altium Limited is a public software company in Australia that provides PC-based software in major parts of the world like Germany, China, Netherlands and US (Dixit and Skeath, 2015). This organization has implemented Adaptation strategy for creating global value through modification of one or more company elements to meet the local obligations and prerequisites. The Adaptation strategy implies five levels of operation: variation, focus, externalization, design, and innovation. In variation level, Altium Limited aim towards achieving varying products, positioning policies and different metrics irrespective of involving intense complexity and cost in accomplishing it. The company also aim towards reducing variation through focusing on particular geographical areas, products, segments, and verticals. As opined by Ferreira et al. (2014), in externalization, Altium reduced the burden of variation through undergoing franchising, networking and strategic alliances with local markets. While designing the software products, Altium Even more, it also aimed towards designing flexibility over its products for overcoming supply differences. Altium made effective innovations for improving its marketing n both home and globalized countries. Company 2: Atlassian Atlassian is a publicly owned Australian software organization that develops software products for global developers, content team and project managers; serving more than 1lac customers (Ario, 2015). The organization has adopted several measures and policies that comply well with the requirements of the global customers. It has brought variation in its products that helped Atlassian in positioning itself in the global market. Though it involved certain complexity, the positioning of products is done that matches with local requirements. As opined by Ghemawat (2013), Atlassian can also focus in limited globalized countries with limited products that will certainly help the organization in adapting internal market environment. The organization can also undergo global strategic alliances to reduce the pressure of externalization. Moreover, the products of Atlassian are quite flexible that operates perfectly on global platforms. The innovation within the organization and its products or services should be effective to get readily accepted across borders. Industry 2: ICT industry (Information Communications Technology) Company 1: Telstra Corporation Limited As mentioned by Johnston and Purkis (2015), Telstra Corporation Limited is one of the Australias telecommunication organizations that provide telephone, the Internet and digital television services and products across Australia and beyond borders. Its outstanding internet network and exclusive entertainment packages can be placed in various overseas countries in spite of variation in cost and complexity. Telstra needs to focus towards limited geographical regions such as developing Asiatic countries through their limited services and products for penetrating a new market and new customers. Lin (2014) stated that Telstra could also opt for certain strategic alliances with the existing local markets for reducing the pressure of internationalization. The costs need to be reduced considerably with increasing flexibility in designing of products or services. This innovative effectiveness will help Telstra in gaining explicit marketing in foreign lands. Company 2: Austar Communications According to Jha et al. (2014), Austar Communications is a renounced telecommunication organization that is providing products or services like direct broadcasting satellite and cable television connections across urban and rural Australia. The organization needs to adopt Adaptation strategy that will help in the successful operation. The variation in products, as well as policies, help in the positioning of the organization into a new market with new customers. Austar also needs to focus towards positioning its direct broadcasting satellite to limited geographical regions of developing countries. Ghemawat (2015) also suggested that Austar can adopt strategic alliances as well as franchising that will help in positioning itself in a new market. The outstanding performance and exclusive product in providing television services can also help in reducing the cost of variation of products. These innovations in products or servicing and positioning itself in remote areas of internationali zed countries will help the Adaptation strategy to become successful. Aggregation Lucea and Doh (2012) stated that Aggregation aims towards the achievement of economies of scale as well as scope for creation of global efficiencies. This strategy exploits similarities among diverse geographies and involves standardization of the approaches. It identifies ways that help in introducing both economics or scope and scale in global business without hampering local responsiveness. Industry 1: Computer industry (software) Company 1: Altium Limited Mauri and de Figueiredo (2012) commented that while Altium provides its products or services globally, it deals with the similarities and differences across various geographical areas. It aims at creating economic of scope and scale about a complete standardized global strategy applicable across all the geographical regions. It aims to identify ways that help in pioneering economies of scope and scale into international business without negotiating the local sensitivity and awareness. As stated by Morschett et al. (2015), Altruism can undergo acquisitions in several countries that would certainly help it with both resources and scale for participating in the international market. It also helps in establishing new relationships with a large number of customers across the world with different culture and background. Company 2: Atlassian According to Martin and van den Oever (2013), Atlassian with its versatility in diverse products can adopt Aggregation Strategy for flourishing successfully in the global market. This organization can adopt this strategy by language diversity so that the global customers can easily use the software in their regional languages. The software products need to have a translating set-up button that on clicked will interpret the entire page along with its operations into the regional language. This will help in serving millions of customers across the world. Moreover, it will also help in maintaining and managing economies of scale and scope for integrating the business together (Mascarenhas, 2013). Industry 2: ICT industry (Information Communications Technology) Company 1: Telstra Corporation Limited As opined by Musso and Francioni (2014), Telstra with its exclusive and unique services in digital television can adopt Aggression strategy that will help the organization in developing successfully beyond borders. With its modern technological products, it can easily mitigate geographical differences and create globally standardized business model. It will, therefore, help in integration of business as well as leverage its competitiveness overseas. Based on different countries, Telstra can expand its products from one region to other for capturing a new market with potential patrons (Collis, 2015). Company 2: Austar Communications Twarowska and Kkol (2013) mentioned that Austar with its high-speed internet service could approach the different developing countries with reduced geographical barriers. This Aggression strategy will be applicable if the company breaks into new geographical locations with high-speed internet services and with low cost. It will help the organization in generating a balance between economies of scope and scale without any conciliation from the local customers. The cost advantage will, therefore, help the organization in attracting a lot of customers and secure its position in those areas (Mullen and Berrill, 2015). Arbitrage According to Lloyd (2016), Arbitrages strategy focuses towards exploiting differences rather than bridging or adapting them and characterizes the global strategy. It believes in buying low in one market and selling it at a higher price in the different market. It focuses mainly towards performance enhancement of organizations along with aim towards reducing cost and risk while operating globally. Industry 1: Computer industry (software) Company 1: Altium Limited Johnston and Purkis (2015) commented that Atrium could opt for administrative Arbitrage strategy to create opportunities between the overseas countries having a difference in legal, political and institutional differences. It will help the organization in expanding its business of electronics requirements by manufacturing the products as per customers requirements. The organization doesnt have to employ much time in bridging the differences but have to utilize the differences to create a global strategy of progressing in the foreign lands. The organization has to exploit the administrative differences will leverage the profits of Atrium (Berry and Kaul, 2015). Company 2: Atlassian According to Jha et al. (2014), Atlassian can utilize geographical Arbitrage strategy that helps the company in leveraging its business through geographical differences between local and foreign lands. Since this organization is into software products, it can be easily sent over borders. It not only reduces transportation costs but also helps in creating new opportunities and prospects in diverse geographical regions. It shows how Atlassian uses its resources in expanding overseas and making profits in diverse marketplace. Moreover, this strategy also helps the organization in creating more employment that also results in servicing more customers. As a result, it leads to high profit earnings of the organization (Ferreira et al. 2014). Industry 2: ICT industry (Information Communications Technology) Company 1: Telstra Corporation Limited Dawson and Mukoyama (2014) mentioned that Telstra can opt for Economic Arbitrage strategy that helps in focusing towards differences in cost of capital as well as labor. It can seek out to the foreign lands, the developing Asiatic countries, where it can avail low cost but premium quality resources. This outsourcing of the companys branch to geographical differentiated areas will leverage the organizations global position, its productivity as well as profit margin. The variations in inputs such as knowledge, skills and talents will definitely help in utilizing the differences and making the best use of it to make the availability of complementary services easy (Lucea and Doh, 2012). Company 2: Austar Communications According to Ferreira et al. (2014), Austar can expand its services overseas through utilizing its geographical Arbitrage strategy. It, therefore, helps in creating opportunities in various global countries through utilizing the geographical differences. It makes the best use of resources within the organizations to transfer the products and services overseas and across borders. It may also utilize economic differences of Arbitrage strategy to get into the global market. It also definitely helps organization in marketing as well as developing the services in foreign market with potential customers (Dixit and Skeath, 2015). Conclusion The overall report deals with implementation of AAA framework in different organizations and their level of acceptance of it. This framework helped in developing a summary scorecard that indicates the extent of success that organizations will have on globalization. The Adaptation strategy deals with cross-market differences that help in blending the advantages of local market. In the Aggregation strategy, it is seen that the organizations had aimed towards overcoming cross-cultural groupings like global accounts, regional structures and product divisions. In the Arbitrage strategy, these organizations aimed towards exploiting the differences in market and also aimed towards maintaining a balance between demand and supply. There are several challenges present in these strategies that needs to be mitigated by the organizations for a sustainable international business growth and development. The companies mentioned above needs to focus on these 3As for building a competitive advantageou s position in this global world. These organizations aim towards maintaining a balance between these strategies that helps in targeting and positioning new markets and customers. References Ario, A., 2015. Semi-globalization: A Relevant Reality. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 35-42). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Berry, H. and Kaul, A., 2015. Is There a Multinationality Effect? A Replication and Reexamination of the Multinationality-Performance Relationship.A Replication and Reexamination of the Multinationality-Performance Relationship (June 15, 2015). Collis, D.J., 2015. The Value of Breadth and the Importance of Differences. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 29-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Dawson, J.A. and Mukoyama, M., 2014. Building international strategy with formats and formulae.Global Strategies in Retailing. Asian and European Experiences, pp.37-54. Dixit, A.K. and Skeath, S., 2015.Games of Strategy: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Ferreira, M.P., Santos, J.C., de Almeida, M.I.R. and Reis, N.R., 2014. Mergers acquisitions research: A bibliometric study of top strategy and international business journals, 19802010.Journal of Business Research, 67(12), pp.2550-2558. Ghemawat, P., 2013.Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jha, S., Dhanaraj, C. and Krishnan, R., 2014, January. MNE RD in Emerging Markets: Arbitrage, Adaptation Aggregation in Global Innovation Networks. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 17650). Academy of Management. Johnston, M.W. and Purkis, S.J., 2015. A coordinated and sustained international strategy is required to turn the tide on the Atlantic lionfish invasion.Marine Ecology Progress Series,533, pp.219-235. Lin, L.H., 2014. Subsidiary performance: The contingency of multinational corporations international strategy.European Management Journal,32(6), pp.928-937. Lloyd, R.A., 2016. CHS Country Operations International Business Strategy.Journal of the North American Management Society, p.66. Lucea, R. and Doh, J., 2012. International strategy for the nonmarket context: stakeholders, issues, networks, and geography. Martin, X. and van den Oever, K.F., 2013.Progress, maturity or exhaustion? Sources and modes of theorizing on the international strategy-performance relationship (1990-2011)(No. 656747af-da51-4917-92fd-76992c6c7885). Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management. Mascarenhas, B., 2013. The Industry-focused International Strategy.Management International Review,53(2), pp.251-267. Mauri, A.J. and de Figueiredo, J.N., 2012. Strategic patterns of internationalization and performance variability: effects of US-based MNC cross-border dispersion, integration, and outsourcing.Journal of International Management,18(1), pp.38-51. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015. The Integration/Responsiveness-and the AAA-Frameworks. InStrategic International Management(pp. 25-49). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Mullen, C. and Berrill, J., 2015. Minoritynationals: An empirical analysis of the concentration of geographic sales expansion in MNCs.The Multinational Business Review,23(4), pp.277-305. Musso, F. and Francioni, B., 2014. International strategy for SMEs: criteria for foreign markets and entry modes selection.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,21(2), pp.301-312. Twarowska, K. and Kkol, M., 2013. International Business Strategy-reasons and forms of expansion into foreign markets.Poland: Maria Curie-Skodowska University, p.55.

European Monetary Union Convergence Criteria free essay sample

Examines requirements for membership compliance by Ireland, Luxembourg, Sweden others. Goals, treaties, organization. This research compares progress toward compliance with the convergence criteria for full participation in European Monetary Union [EMU] by Ireland, Luxembourg, and Sweden. This comparison both (1) identifies the extent of the progress made by each country toward compliance with the convergence criteria and (2) explains the differences between the three countries within the context of the progress made toward compliance with the convergence criteria. The findings of the comparison of the progress toward compliance by the three countries are applied in the development of answers to the following questions

Assess the challenge of Post-development theory to mainstream development paradigms Essay Example

Assess the challenge of Post Assess the challenge of Post-development theory to mainstream development paradigms Essay Assess the challenge of Post-development theory to mainstream development paradigms Essay Essay Topic: All Quiet On the Western Front The rise of Post-development theory in the late 1980s through to the 1990s advocated by scholars across the globe (Sachs, Escobar, Esteva, Shiva and Illich to name but a few) brought to the fore more radical interpretations and critiques of mainstream development paradigms. The post-development theorists set about a brutal yet arguably necessary attack upon current development practices and theories claiming to uncover some of the hidden truths behind the Western development project, as Esteva states The time has come to unveil the secret of development and see it in all its conceptual starkness (1992:7). Post-development embarked on a complete rejection of current development practice naming it a failure in every sense. However, others were sceptical, many believing that such a position was unnecessary and indeed unhelpful in terms of suggesting development alternatives, as Nederveen-Pieterse writes Post-development is caught in a rhetorical gridlock. Using discourse analysis as an ideological platform invites political impasse and quietism. In the end post-development offers no politics besides the self-organising capacity of the poor, which actually lets the development responsibility of the states and international institutions off the hook (2000: 187). Under such stark criticism the question often posed is what real challenge does post-development theory have to offer to the wider debate and reality of the development situation, if all it appears to be is semantic hot air? This paper will discuss in detail this very point, arguing that despite its at times, extreme radical view points, post-development has much to offer in terms of challenging our neoclassical interpretations and understanding of mainstream development theory. An initial overview will be given of the progression of development over the last four decades, highlighting the rise of post-development theory in the 1980s through to the 1990s. Following this, an in-depth assessment of the challenges posed to mainstream development by post-development will be given stressing the complexities associated with such challenges. Case studies and critique will be apparent throughout. Post-development theory grew out of a huge sense of dissatisfaction and disillusion with the way mainstream development theory was both constructed and operated. Such mainstream development has been seen as intrinsically linked to Neoliberal policies of economic reform and a dominant western understanding of how countries should progress and grow along the same teleological path as Western societies, the end goal of which being modernization and industrialisation. Mainstream development appeared to be constructed of a single, monolithic and imperialist vision of progress and planning as Escobar notes the idea that poor countries could move more or less smoothly along the path of progress through planning has always been held as an indubitable truth (1992:64). Post-development thinkers date the beginning of mainstream development to 1949 when President Truman made his famous speech, during which as Esteva believes, two billion people became burdened with the label underdeveloped (1992:7). Since that date development theory and practice has moved hap-hazardly through the decades along various initiatives and practices led by Western International Financial Institutions, development professionals and agencies. Development aims and goals were headed up by a number of schools of thought including the structuralists and dependency theorists of the 1960s, the modernisation and basic needs approaches of the 70s, through to the Neoliberal structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s (the so-called lost decade of development). The 1990s and into the 21st century, against the backdrop of the growing Globalisation phenomena, have heralded what is being called a more alternative and participatory approach to development theory and practice, based on a more human development and rights based approach. Scholars such as Robert Chambers have brought to the fore the importance of participatory methods to the development field, advocating methods such as PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) which places a greater emphasis on the role of local people in defining and solving their development problems, a realisation that villagers have a greater capacity to map, model, observe, quantify, estimate, compare, rank, score and diagram than outsiders have generally supposed them capable of (1994:1255). Despite these efforts to give development a human face many argue that such forms of so-called alternative development remain undistinguishable from the mainstream and have arguably merged, The problem is that there is no clear line of demarcation between mainstream and alternative alternatives are co-opted and yesterdays alternatives are todays institutions (Nederveen Pieterse. 1998:349). As development has crawled through the 1990s and into 2000 the gusto and courage of the post-development thinkers has merely been fuelled. Not happy with mainstream development or the alternatives it offers, post-development poses the ultimate challenge, to find not an alternative development rather an alternative too development. With its provocative statements and voice of certitude post-development challenges every development workers mind. The following discussion will draw out some of the key challenges posed by post-development including case studies and examples of development failure. Critique of these challenges will be given throughout. The collapse of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) summit held in September 2003 in Cancun marked a significant moment in time and provided a stark reminder that mainstream development is not working. At the summit unfair trade rules were met with resistance from more than 71 developing nations who refused to accept the forced agenda set by the rich nations. The result : the collapse of the talks. The failure of the rich nations to accept and negotiate resistance and the subsequent abandonment of the summit, marks what so commonly occurs within such agreements, that of Our way, or the highway! . The very same global advocates of human and economic development as a good for all showed themselves to be the very same hypocritical powers keeping developing nations trapped in crippling poverty through unfair and exploitative global trade regulations, For the developing countries, membership has not brought protection from abuses by the powerful economies, mush less serve as a mechanism of development (Bello. 2003:2). The Cancun Development Round marks a prime example of the ever apparent reality which post-development thinkers so explicitly oppose the hegemonic global dominance of the Worlds super-powers dictating progress and development based only on their terms. It is this profits before people (Kernaghan. 2001:64) attitude based on Neoliberal economics and neoclassical development theory, to which post-development is so strongly against. Mainstream economic development policies touted the world over based on economic reform, lowering of tariffs and trade liberalization in the Southern nations has been heavily criticised for its failure. Such failure has been marked by growing resistance across developing nations who are increasingly dissatisfied with World Bank and IMF Neoliberal prescriptions, and who are calling for a different development. A recent example of this cited in The Guardian, in which Lula Da Silva the elected Brazilian President states that 76% of Brazilians had voted against the current free market economic policy and in favour of a new model of development (The Guardian. 2002:14). The above example of the Cancun talks marks an entry point into a discussion of the challenges posed by post-development. Nederveen-Pieterse describes post-development as a Radical reaction to the dilemmas of development (2000:175), however whether it really is a radical standpoint is debatable, rather is it a more realistic and common-sense view from which to approach the fai de of development of the last 40 years, as the title quote from Esteva remarks In Mexico, you must be either numb or very rich if you fail to notice that development stinks (1987:1351). Post-development critiques the core basics of mainstream development theory taking overt positions on the problematisation of poverty, the portrayal of development as weste rnisation and critique of modernism and science (Nederveen- Pieterse. 2000:175). Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault on power, truth and knowledge many of the post-development thinkers challenge the imperialist, western and dominant form which, they argue, development has taken, believing that the development project was merely a form of neo-colonialism used to maintain the rich nations dominance and the poorer nations subordination, Systematic, empirical investigation of historical, geographical, and demographic conditions engendered the modern human sciences. Their aim for Foucault, was not human emancipation, but the making of docile yet productive bodies (Dreyfus Rabinow. 1983) (In Peet Hartwick. 1999:130). One of the most significant challenges posed by post-development is towards the use of modernism and technology as a development good for all. The neoclassical understanding of development draws on the lure of modern society to encourage the systematic modernisation of developing nations along western developmental paths in which industrialization, technological advance and utmost modernity can be fully embraced. For post-development thinkers, such as Illich, modernization means mass commodification and the rise of global products, a type of modernization which is suited more to the market needs of rich nations. In advocating the rise to modernity, Illich believes that a state of mind is engendered within developing nations, a state of mind which convinces them they are underdeveloped, Underdevelopment is the result of rising levels of aspiration achieved through the intensive marketing of patent products (1997:97). Thus for Illich poverty becomes planned, a scam to force developing nations into an unfair globalized economy producing foreign products for the global market and to, as Illich provocatively puts it surrender social consciousness to pre-packaged solutions (1997:97). And what of the impact the presence of such foreign firms and products have on developing nations? The impacts according to post-development, are only too apparent from the high levels of industrial pollution and environmental degradation to the use of sweatshop labour in the manufacture of global goods. A recent example in the UK press highlights the adversity of these impacts only too well as the largest Coca Cola plant in India is accused of putting thousands of farmers out or work by draining the water that feeds their wells and poisoning the land with waste sludge that the company claims is fertiliser (The Guardian. 2003). The plant employing only 141 people has been condemned by the charity ActionAid as an example of the worst kind of inward investment by multinational companies in developing countries (The Guardian. 003). In the face of such modern catastrophe and technological disaster, such as that of the big D Development Dam projects of the last two decades (including the Indian Sardar Sarovar Project in which over 200,000 people have been displaced, 56% of whom are tribal people (Kurian. 2000:843)), the post-development thinkers call on tradition, self-sufficiency and locally based forms of appropriate technology to resist, challenge and provide alternatives to the domina nt ideologies of modernism touted by global technocrats. The well documented work of Norberg-Hodge writing on Ladakh in the trans-Himalayan region of Kashmir, highlights the importance post-development theory places on traditional ways of life as a means to provide alternatives to development and challenge modernity. Writing on Ladakh, Norberg-Hodge notes how life has changed since external development forces have become increasingly significant in Ladakhi life, When I first lived among Ladakhis in the early 1970s, they enjoyed Peace of mind. The pace of their lives was relaxed and easy. An important element in this stress-free lifestyle was the fact that they had control over their own lives. Over the last thirty years however I have watched as external forces have descended on the Ladakhis like an avalanche, causing massive and rapid disruption (2001:112). She writes of the self-sufficient life which was led before development intervention, and as Rahnema and Bawtree She feels that western society has much to learn from the traditional lifestyle of the Himalayan people of Ladakh (1997:22). However, this challenge to modernism and technology and its call to more traditional ways of life does not go un-criticised. The post-development school is indeed heavily criticised for its over-romanticisation of the past, which some argue serves to artefact people and cultures, as Corbridge writes Post-development romanticises the soil cultures of the social majorities and provides poor empirical documentation of its claims (1999:145). Post-development theory also falls weak in its challenge to modernism and technology in its failure to recognise the liberating effects they may have, for example the use of cyber-technology by the Mexican Zapatistas in gaining international support and recognition, or the Kyapos use of video cameras and planes to defend their culture and ancestral lands in the Brazillian rainforests (an example cited in Escobar, 1995, implying the somewhat contradictory nature of the scholars arguments). One of the key criticisms of the post-development challenge to modernism and technology is that many believe they do not suggest adequate alternatives and merely rely on a glorification of the local, as Nederveen-Pieterse comments on the work of Norberg-Hodge, What is the point of declaring development a hoax (Norberg-Hodge. 1995) without proposing alternatives (2000:188). A further significant challenge presented by post-development is that towards the all encompassing concepts of global good, an example of which is sustainability. Since the early introduction of the concept in the Brundtland Report and its increasing prominence through international summits such as the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, Sustainability and sustainable development have become key buzz words within the development field heralded as a more integrated development goal in terms of achieving long term social, economic and environmental goals for present and future generations. However, as with many initiatives it appears that as increasing numbers of development agencies and organisations jump on the sustainability band wagon, it is proving to be another development good based merely on rhetoric. Indeed misuse of the concept has resulted in it becoming seen as another hegemonic Western discourse. An example of this can be seen in the number of inappropriate environmental projects which have sprung up in developing nations as a result of western use of sustainable development as a powerful interventionist tool. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) in association with the World Bank has been guilty of this, using un-realistic Eco-development projects in India to conserve the environment and create National Parks for Tourist purposes. The projects, carried out with little consultation from local people have resulted in the displacement of indigenous peoples from forest lands. The projects are imposed on the local communities by foreign environmentalists whose initiatives go against the basic livelihoods of those who depend on the forest resources for survival. The use of grand theory and concepts such as sustainable development again become what the post-developmentalists are so against, the imposition of development from centralised, distant bureaucracy which make decisions for communities they have never consulted (Source:2). Esteva writes on sustainability, .. in its mainstream interpretation, sustainable development has been explicitly conceived as a strategy for sustaining development, not for supporting the flourishing and enduring of an infinitely diverse natural and social life (1992:16). As the above example of sustainability highlights, post-development thinkers challenge the use of grand meta-narratives which are so commonly used within mainstream development paradigm. One of the main critiques of post-development is that it offers no alternative, it merely rejects current practice. Schurrman (2000) comments on the loss of central paradigms in development and poses the questions as to whether post-modernism, post-development and globalisation are capable of offering new and exciting paradigms? What Schurrman fears is that perhaps they are not, and as old paradigms are lost, new ones remain absent (Schurrman. 2000) The post-developmentalists would challenge this significantly, as Escobar points out By now it should be clear that there are no grand alternatives that can be applied to all places or all situations (1995:222), reiterated by Foucault who believed that all global theories such as modernization theory, Marxist mode of production theory, or world systems theory, to be reductionist, universalistic, coercive and even totalitarian (Peet Hardwick. 999: 132). These concepts and theories constructed within a western world view are strongly rejected as they challenge the scale at which mainstream development theory and practice operates, calling for more localized, grassroots-specific, bottom-up approaches. The ultimate challenge posed by the post-developmentalists to mainstream development is that of its failure, as Sachs famously puts it, The idea of development stands like a ruin on the intellectual landscape. Delusion and disappointment, failures and crimes have been the steady companions of development and they tell a common story: it did not work (1992:1). From the widening of inequality to the increased spread of HIV/Aids post-development theorists condemn mainstream development to failure. Examples such as the work of Ferguson (1994) on development failure in Lesotho based on rural development called The Thaba-Theska Project funded by the World Bank and Canadian International Development Agency in 1974, or even recent pieces in the Press such as an interview with Michael Buerk in the January edition of the Radio Times, in which he comments on his visits to Ethiopia in 1984 compared to a recent visit in 2004 in which he states The fact is that there are twice as many people hungry in Ethiopia today as there were in 1984 (Michael Buerk. 004:153), all point to failure. Despite the stark truth of development failure in some cases, others argue that such a negative standpoint and utter rejection of development does not ring true across the whole of the developing world, where examples of success and progress have been made. Corbridge offers the following critique, Post-development gives no hint of the extraordinary accomplishments that have defined the age of development, or of the historically unprecedented increases in life expectancies for men and women that have been achieved since 1950 (In India, life expectancies at birth increased for men from 46-60 years between 1965 and 1990, and for women from 44 to 58 years (Corbridge. 1999:145). Criticised for their generalisation of development, overtly pessimistic view points, romanticisation, unproblematised view of social movements and a complete rejection of development, post-developmentalists have themselves not preceded unchallenged. Indeed their tendency to deconstruct rather than reconstruct and the absence of alternatives does make many wary of the fruitfulness of such a standpoint (see Nederveen-Pieterse 2000). However, the beauty of post-development lies not in its answers but in its lack of answers. Post-developmentalists challenge the global super powers and International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank and IMF; they challenge civil society to resist, in similar ways to those of the Mayan indigenous population who through the rise of the Zapatistas have appealed for an end to 500 years of oppression and 40 years of development (Esteva. 994:302) and who call for greater recognition of indigenous rights; they call on NGOs, development Agencies, charities and development practitioners to rethink the way they operate, to question and to challenge the work they are doing; they challenge not only Western scholars but also those of the Third World, in particular on what Peet and Hardwick call Intellectual Dependency Theory (1999:137) a challenge to Third World scholars to move away from the dominant ideologies of Western discourse towards more critical and creative thinking on th e issues facing developing countries; they also pose challenges to themselves, to their body of knowledge which indeed does not provide answers. However, ultimately post-development challenges us, both our mind set, ways of thinking and assumptions. To conclude it must be stated that despite its obvious drawbacks, post-development successfully provides a series of provocative challenges to mainstream development paradigms, indeed Corbridge sums up the power of post-development and the opportunity it provides for future change, Post-development keeps the raw nerve of outrage alive post-development thinkers force us to confront our own prejudices about the agendas of development and the shocking failure of some aspects of the development project. They also provide a human touch that is too often missing in development studies (1999:143).

Information Technology Revolution Impact on the Third World Countries Research Paper

Information Technology Revolution Impact on the Third World Countries - Research Paper Example As the paper declares information technology advancement seems to lack in terms of its progress specifically, in the third world countries. It is necessary to note that some of the third world countries are allowing room for this new way of development. Indulging in new technologies of information also introduces skillful ways of living. This is for individuals that mostly seem to be open to the idea of computer skills plus other associated technological ways. This improved way of life seems not to be common among everybody. This symbolizes luck of harmony in the world. This imbalance of information advancement also brings up disparity especially in sovereignty matters. This can be seen between the first world and the third world countries. First world countries fall under the likes of North American countries, European countries plus the eastern part of Asia. Third world countries lay mostly in the African continent and the middle of Asia. The beginning of the information advancemen t has made individuals review their positive passion concerning the technological world. This essay stresses that the information technology revolution in the third world countries, similar to all revolutions, comes along with it a newer and more vital gap between social groups and nations. The problem that third world countries faces is the ability to introduce a computer plus other newer technological equipments, the skill to reach the world of Internet, the ability to recognize its complex courses, the knowledge of understanding its data and coming up with the appropriate queries. This brings out with clarity, the proof of the digital information gap. Therefore, individuals should begin to see that getting into information technology revolution acts as a way of closing the gap that exists between social classes among individuals. The two pointers of the information technology gap include â€Å"technical advancement† and â€Å"network awareness†. It aims to inform people that the technological gap between countries is raising. For instance, the percentage of Internet users in the African world recently fell above 10% (Jambi 80). Objectives This paper will propose the advantages that come with information technology revolution in the third world states. Its main goal is to encourage third world countries to set up information technology advancement. This will in turn influence their development. People cannot reject that the sense of the worldwide set-up of the new technologies does not recognize the presence of borders between countries, traditions and society. This comes about because these technologies all try their best to chew at the nations' dominion over their cognitive and information freedom. This gives them favor over the worldwide marketplace (Jambi 80). Despite the struggle of the third world to advance in information technology, the current technological revolution will eventually affect their side of the world

The Scientific Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Scientific Method - Assignment Example Hence, it could be stated that greater the amount of charging, the earlier the battery’s life will end. 5. Alternative hypotheses: a. Charging your battery more often exposes it to voltage variations in the power sockets leading to battery failure. b. Only cheaper batteries tend to lose their effective life when charged too often. Part II The data presented by Horowitz is misleading since it is repetitive and tends to refocus on the same categories repeatedly. For example, the first item in the list is â€Å"reaching, leaning† while the second item is â€Å"changing audio controls† which would require the driver to reach and lean as well. There is no categorical scheme that was utilized to present the data by Horowitz. The lack of hardcore categorization means that data may have been repeated in various categories since the presented categories have fluid boundaries. For example, the item data â€Å"eating / drinking / spilling† might have entries that are redundant with entries for â€Å"preparing to eat / drink†. In this manner, Horowitz has expanded his list of top driver distractions so that the cellular phone use categories are pushed down to a much lower level. On another note, Horowitz’s classification scheme could have benefited if he chose to group together related items such as â€Å"adult distraction†, â€Å"child distraction† and â€Å"baby distraction† into one category such as â€Å"human distraction†. This would have allowed the list to be more realistic and in line with scientific principles on the presentation of data. However, Horowitz has chosen to expand on the distractions in order to drive cellular phone use to a much lower section in the list. For example, Horowitz’s classification of cellular phone use is split into three list items namely â€Å"talking on a cell phone†, â€Å"dialing a cell phone† and â€Å"answering a cell phone† which ten ds to drive these items much lower on the list. On the other hand, if these three items were combined into one category such as cellular phone use, their combined place on the list would have been much higher. Horowitz has effectively manipulated his data to lower the frequency of his supported actions (cellular phone use) versus other list items to lower cellular phone use position on the overall list. Part III 1. Blair’s statement needs to be decomposed into its principal components to look at its defects. The first component of Blair’s statement is â€Å"overweight people who exercise regularly† while the second component is â€Å"normal weight people who do not† (exercise). The third component of Blair’s statement is â€Å"live longer than† and tends to impinge directly on mortality rates. The last component of Blair’s statement requires the greatest attention since it is used to assess the first two components. Looking closely at the first statement it becomes clear that the statement is self contradictory. If overweight people were to exercise regularly, their weight would tend to reduce dramatically enough to classify them as â€Å"normal weight people† within the time frame of Blair’s study since losing weight does not take years but months. Moreover, a primary reason for obesity is the lack of exercise that overweight people are used to in their lifestyle. Again this method of looking at Blair’

Monoclonal Antibodies as a Therapeutic Approach for Cancer

Monoclonal Antibodies as a Therapeutic Approach for Cancer INTRODUCTION Monoclonal anti-body cancer therapy is one of the most suitable therapeutic approach for hematologic malignancies and solid tumours for the past several years. This therapy of monoclonal anti-body join target cell, increase immune system, kills affected cells and slows tumour growth in patient. It is a laboratory produce mixture of homogenous anti-body molecules with empathy towards a particular antigen being generated by using a hybridoma by combining a B-cell with a single lineage of cells containing a specific antibody gene. A host of similar cells are produced that secrete the same anti-body. Owing to its specificity and high reproducibility, MAbs are more advantageous over polyclonal antibodies. MAbs are more often used in variety of applications like, research and diagnosis, therapeutic tools in cancer and immunological disorder, pharmacy, etc, as such are in huge demand in industry. Due to its high specificity, MAbs are increasingly used for basic immunological and molecular r esearch and have proven desirability. They are used in human therapy, cancer therapy, diagnosis of disease, commercial protein purification, suppressing immune response, hormone test, diagnosis of allergy, structure of cell membrane, purification of complex mixtures, identification of specialized cells, preparation of vaccines, increasing the effectiveness of medical substances (Edward, 1981). MAbs are used in applications against cancer cell-specific antigens which include an immunological response against targeted cancer cells. Availability of MAbs which recognizes immune cells antigen has resulted in improved diagnosis for lymphoma and leukemia. They are also being used in diagnosis of solid tumour especially for carcinoma of lungs, colon, and rectum. They are also useful in examining blood, sputum, biopsy samples of cancer cells or for materials discharged by cancer cells. At present MAbs are available for variety of cancers like ovarian, colorectal, lungs, etc (Beckman et al, 2007). MAbs interceded immunotherapy employs cells having cytotoxicity like monocytes and macrophages through antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity. MAbs binds complement proteins in cancer therapy which leads to direct cell toxicity that is complement dependent cytotoxicity (Carter, 2001). MAbs stops growth of tumour cells by blocking growth factors thus arresting the spread of tumour cells. MAbs not only detect cancer cells but also destroys them and clinical trials have revealed that MAbs stimulate partial reduction. Conjugate MAbs are combined with drugs and toxins and radioactive atoms are applied as delivery vehicles to take these substances through the body. MAbs flows in the body until it finds cancer cells with a matching antigen and delivers toxic substance to the place of the body. In chemotherapy, MAbs conjugate with chemotherapeutic drugs known as chemo labelled antibodies. The delivered drug causes damage to tumour and normal tissues. Clinical applicability of MAbs is because of its specificity and homogeneity. Another special feature of hybridoma production is that mixture of antigens can be used to produce specific antibodies. The treatment of cancer by MAbs has got highly advanced and its scope as therapeutic agent for untraced cancer has broadened. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Production of Monoclonal Antibody The production of MAbs by hybridoma technol ­ogy was first discovered by German scientist, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein of Argentina. In 1976 they developed a technique involving fusion of a cancerous (immortal) mouse B-Cell myeloma with an immunized mouse plasma cell by creating a hybrid cell/hybridoma (Blaine, 2012). The hybrid cells are clones of anti ­body producing cells against desired antigen and spread rapidly to generate large amounts of antibody. Hybridoma is capable of rapid circulation and high antibody exuding rates as in myeloma cells, and can maintain antibody genes of mouse spleen cells (figure 1.1).            Figure 1.1: Production of monoclonal antibodies 2.1.1 Outline of production of MAbs The basic approach for production of MAbs includes, viz., purification and characterization of the desired antigen in sufficient quantity, immunization of mice with purified antigen, culture of myeloma cells which are unable to synthesize hypoxanthine-gua ­nine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme necessary for the salvage pathway of nucleic acids, exclusion of spleen cells from mice and its fusion with the myeloma cells, and following fusion growth of hybridomas in hypoxanthine aminop ­terin thymidine (HAT) medium where only the fused cells have the ability to grow. Because of lack of HGPRT, unfused myeloma cell has no ability to grow in this HAT medium, and as such cannot produce DNA. Because of short life spans unfused spleen cells can ­not grow, only fused hybrid cells/hybridomas can grow in HAT medium. Since spleen cell partners produce HGPRT, Hybrid cells have the ability to grow in the HAT medium. Hybrid cells clones are produced from single host cells and the antib odies exuded by the differ ­ent clones are then tested for their capability to combine to the antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And finally then the clone is selected for further use (Zola, 2010). 2.2 Types of Monoclonal Antibodies The various types of anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies are: 2.2.1 Naked monoclonal antibodies Naked MAbs are antibodies that work for themselves and there is no drug or radioactive material connected to them. For cancer treatment, these are the most common type of MAbs. A large number of naked MAbs are attached to antigens on cancer cells but a few of them performs either by joining antigens to the non-cancerous cells or to the free-floating proteins. Naked MAbs works in a diverse manner as elaborated below: Some of them increase patient’s immune response against cancer cells by joining to them and thereafter acting as an indicator for the body’s immune system to destroy them. For instance, Alemtuzumab used against leukemia (Lin T.S, 2008). Some of them targets immune system at checkpoints. While some work by joining and blocking the antigens which are important signals for cancer cells and other cells that help cancer cells grow or spread). E.g. Trastuzumab: used against breast and stomach cancer (Hudis, 2007). Conjugated monoclonal antibodies Conjugated MAbs are antibodies where MAbs are combined to other substance like chemotherapy drug, different type of toxin, or a radioactive particle. Here MAbs are used for taking these substances directly to the cancer cells and mingles in the body until it finds the targeted antigen and delivers the toxic substance at the required place thereby reducing or somewhat eliminating the chance of causing damage to normal cells in other parts of the body. These are also called as tagged, labelled, or loaded antibodies. They are divided into a variety of groups, as given below: Radiolabeled Antibodies These have minute radioactive particles joined to them. E.g. Ibritumomab tiuxetan, acts against CD20antigen (Knox S .Jet al, 1996). Chemolabeled antibodies These have strong chemotherapy (or other) drugs joined to them and are also known as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). E.g Brentuximab vedotin (acts against CD30 antigen) attaches to the chemo drug called MMAE. 2.3 Mechanism of Action MAbs apply their antitumor effects by various types of means of action: It directs the immune system to destroy cancer cells where the immune system destroys the foreign invaders in our body but it doesnt identify the cancer cells. MAbs are directed to join to particular parts of a cancer cell and marks cancer cells thereby making it simple for immune system to find like Rituximab (Rituxan) attached to a CD 20 protein on B cells. When Rituximab attaches to the protein on the B cells it makes the cancer cells more detectable to the immune system and make it convenient for it to attack. MAbs targeting Ccncer requires to attach to appropriate tumour cell surface antigens with adequate quantities and lead to destruction of targeted cells (Ignacio Met al, 2007). Mode of action include tumour cell toxicity via antibody-conjugate, modulation of host immune system (such as ADCC/CDC), and blockade of ligand combining and signalling perturbation. By combining with the cytokines or other proteins which are critical for cancer cells for maintaining their uncontrolled growth Cancer cells depend upon blood vessels to give them oxygen and nutrients required for their growth and to attract blood vessels cancer cells send growth signals. MAbs blocks these growth signals and prevent a tumour from maintaining a blood supply to stop growth. In other words, if a tumour has already instituted a network of blood vessels then it blocks the growth signals making the blood vessels to die and resulting in tumour to shrink. E.g. bevacizumab (Avastin) (Margeret VM et al, 2003). It targets a growth signal ,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which cancer cells sends to attract new blood vessels. It stops a tumours these signals and stops them from connecting with their targets. Delivery of radiation to cancer cells. MAbs are joined with radioactive particles to give radiations directly to the cancer cells. But the drawback is that by this method most of the healthy cells are damaged .E.g. Ibritumomab (Zevalin) It joins itself to the receptors on cancerous blood cells and subsequently delivers the radiation. Delivery of chemotherapy to cancer cells. MAbs are joined J with chemotherapy drugs to give radiations directly to the cancer cells.E.g. Ado-trastuzumab (Kadcyla). It joins to HER2 receptors present on the breast cancer cells and cancer cells consume these antibodies which in turn releases a few molecules of chemotherapy. chemotherapy damages only to the cancerous cells. 2.4 Side effects and limitation of monoclonal antibodies 2.4.1 Side-effects MAbs generally have small side effects unlike chemotherapy. Only a mild aller ­gic reaction or rashes may occur with first admin ­istration of the drug. Other common side-effects are fever, headache, weakness, chills, nausea with vom ­iting, and low blood pressure (Chames p et al, 2009). Whereas grave side-effects are infusion reaction, low blood cells count, heart problem, skin problem and bleeding. Else other side effects of MAbs are with the targeted antigens. Bevacizumab used against tumour blood vessel growth can result in kidney damage, high blood pressure, bleeding with poor wound heal ­ing, and blood clots (Scolnik, 2009). Cetuximab which is used against lungs cancer and head and neck cancer can result in severe infusion reaction and can cause serious rashes. Rituximab which is used against leukemia andlymphoma can cause renal toxicity and serum sickness. 2.4.2 Limitations A serious limitation is that MAbs drugs are most costly as there are only a few FDA regulated drugs which are available in the market. A good number of new MAb drugs are still under development process. Since generic competitors are not there, the sale of cost-effective MAbs is quite good. MAbs are most commercialized and marketed products. Due to huge cost, MAbs therapies are a financial burden on patients. With only proper health planning and step-wise periodic therapies the problem can be sorted. MAbs is a proven therapeutic agent and as acted as mulching cow for the pharma ­ceutical industry. The typical doses of MAb drugs needed for treatment are significantly higher than those required for other drugs. Thus, large-scale production that is cost-effective in man ­ufacturing processes is required. However, the huge demand to increase production of these drugs and the drive to lower the cost of these expensive medicines is a continuous challenge to the present industry. This will further improve the efficiency of manufacturing processes. These challenges are overcome by streamlining downstream processes to increase product quantities, to implement proper quality with high-concentration product formulations with sufficient stability, dose-effective products, to reduce the cost, to develop methodologies for time ­line MAb production, and to develop alternative delivery systems (Rohrer T et al, 2009). 2.5 Monoclonal Antibody Drugs used in Cancer The treatment of monoclonal antibody depends upon the type of cancer and drug you are receiving. Some of the drugs are used in combination with others treatment like chemotherapy and hormone therapy. MAb drugs are used to treat advanced cancer that does not respond to chemotherapy or cancer that had returned. Some of the mAb drugs are: Bevacizumab: Humanized; used against colorectal cancer, breast carcinoma, on-small cell lung cancer and renal carcinoma Rituximab: Chimeric; used against leukemia and lymphoma Cetuximab: Chimeric; used against EGFR-positive metastatic colorectal cancer and carcinoma of head and lungs Trastuzumab: Humanized; used against ERBB2-positive breast carcinoma 2.6 Diagnostic potential of monoclonal antibodies The development of monoclonal antibodies to has provided considerable research of interest. There are monoclonal antibodies which are directed against B cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets. Abs which reacts with different antigens is available which have definite mechanism of action (Khemshead et al, 1983). Several antibodies hare available which react with progenitor cells and these have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of different leukaemias. Neuroblastoma and lymphoma cells may have the appearance of small round cell tumours and be indistinguishable morphologically. MAb react predominantly with these tumour types and used for such diagnostic distinction. Antibodies reacting against tumours when it is coupled with radio label may be used for radioisotope scanning and small metastasis may be visualised using this. MAbs are being used in clinical evaluations and promise to provide a new generation of targeting agent.