History of Camarines Norte Essay Example for Free

History of Camarines Norte Essay From 1573 to 1829, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte formed only one political unit known as Ambos Camarines. In 1829, they were separated but reunited again in 1854. They again separated in 1857 to be reunited again in 1893. This union continued until 1919. On March 3, 1919, Camarines Norte was reestablished by the Philippine Legislature in Act 2809. When Camarines Norte was separated from Ambos Camarines in 1829, it was assigned the towns of Daet, as capital, Talisay, Indan (now Vinzons), Labo, Paracale, Mambulao (now Jose Panganiban), Capalonga, Ragay, Lupi and Sipocot. Seventeen years later, it lost Sipocot, Lupi and Ragay to Camarines Sur in exchange for the town of Siruma. Juan de Salcedo, dispatched by Legazpi to explore the island in 1571, influenced the existence of Camarines Norte. After subduing Taytay and Cainta, he marched further across Laguna and Tayabas. He visited the rich gold-laden town of Mambulao and Paracale, obsessed by them about which he heard from natives there of existing gold mines. When Francisco de Sande took over from Legazpi as Governor General, Spanish influence started to be felt in the region. He established a permanent Spanish garrison in Naga to control the region and defend it from Chinese and Muslim pirates. Capt. Pedro de Chavez was assigned to head this force. There were already native settlements here when the Spaniards arrived. The flourishing towns of Mambulao and Paracale were two of them. Indan and Daet were the other settlements besides Capalonga and others. But Paracale remained the most sought after because of its gold mines. ** The national hero Jose P. Rizal and other Filipino expatriates who lived in Madrid and other cities of Spain, called ‘Los Indios Bravos,’ established â€Å"La Solidaridad,† their publication advocating for reforms in the Philippines from the Spanish governm ent. One of the editors of ‘La Solidaridad’ was Jose Maria Panganiban, born in Mambulao (now Jose Panganiban) on February 1, 1863. Lovingly dubbed by his compatriots the â€Å"Avenger of Filipino Honor† or â€Å"El Vengador del Honor Filipino,† this genius, nationalist, scientist and writer died on August 19, 1890 at age 27 of pulmonary tuberculosis in Barcelona, Spain. His remains were brought back to the Philippines by Dr. Domingo Abella in 1958 and to Jose Panganiban in 1985 – 122 years to the day since his birth – â€Å"to rest in eternal repose in the bosom of his beloved native town (Mambulao) on February 1† by MP Roy B. Padilla, Sr., Batasang Pambansa. The entire country and province respectively bestowed upon him a belated but rousing honors. The towns were chiefly inhabited by Tagalogs; the rests were of Visayan strain. However, most of the immigrants were from Mauban, Quezon. The Spanish missionaries did not falter in their mission to Christianize the natives. ** Daet Revolt : APRIL 14-17, 1898 Local members of the Katipunan led by Ildefonso Moreno and other illustrious patriots staged an uprising against the Spanish authorities here who have fortified themselves in the house of one Florencio Arana, a Spanish merchant and a long time resident of Daet. Sporadic encounters started on April 14 until April 16 when the rebels occupied Daet and surrounded the Spaniards in the house of Arana. But the Katipuneros failed to repulse the reinforcements which arrived in Barra (now Mercedes) from Nueva Caceres on April 17. Said reinforcements broke the siege of Daet. This resulted in the death and/or execution of many patriots, including Ildefonso Moreno, Tomas Zaldua and his two sons, Jose Abaà ±o, Domingo Lozada and Aniceto Gregorio, among others. While the Daet revolt collapsed, it signaled the start of a series of rebellion throughout the Bicol region. ** Another illustrious son of Camarines Norte, Gen. Vicente R. Lukban of Labo wrote a golden page in the history of the province in particular and the country in general. On September 28, 1901, Sunday, he led Filipino rebels, armed only with bolos and sharpened bamboo poles, in an attack against the contingent of American forces in Balangiga, Samar. Only 36 troopers of Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment of the US Forces survived the attack against 16 casualties among the Filipino rebels, giving the encounter its famous label â€Å"Balangiga Massacre† in Philippine history. This feat of arms is celebrated annually in Balangiga, Samar, and in Camarines Norte, with appropriate activities. By virtue of Act 2809 of March 3, 1919, Governor General F. B. Harrison separated Camarines Norte from Camarines Sur with the installation of Don Miguel R. Lukban as its first governor. â€Å"In functional sense, April 15, 1920, was the date of the organization of Camarines Norte, as directed by Executive Order No. 22 dated March 20, 1920, in conformity with the provisions of Act No. 2809,† according to Serafin D. Quiason, former chairman of the National Historical Institute (NHI). Presently, Camarines Norte consisted of 12 towns: Basud, Capalonga, Daet, Jose Panganiban, Labo, Mercedes, Paracale, San Lorenzo Ruiz, San Vicente, Sta. Elena, Talisay and Vinzons. Daet remained as its capital town. ** Wenceslao Q. Vinzons, Sr. Lawyer, orator, labor leader, writer, youngest delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention and youngest signatory of the Charter at the age of 25, governor in 1940 and congressman-elect in 1941, this provincial hero, refusing to surrender, evacuated the provincial government during the Japanese occupation to the hinterlands of Labo and led a guerrilla force against the Japanese forces here, capturing one town after another in Camarines Norte; organized an all-out attack on Daet, the capital town, and captured it on May 3, 1942; ***together with his father Gavino Vinzons and then Gov. Basilio Bautista, he was captured on July 8, 1942, but he refused vehemently to collaborate with the Japanese; ***few days later his wife Liwayway and children Aurora and Alexander were likewise abducted; he and his father mysteriously disappeared on August 7, 1942; â€Å"the remains of Vinzons, his father, his wife and two children had never been found;† the town of Indan where he was born on September 28, 1910, was re-named Vinzons in his honor and became the venue of the province-wide annual celebration of his birth anniversary. ** First Guerilla Encounter The first guerilla encounter in the Philippines during the second world war in the Pacific, occurred on December 18, 1941 11 days after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 and 10 days after the attack on Clark Airbase in Pampanga on Dec. 8, 1941 at Laniton, Basud, Camarines Norte when the Vinzons guerrilla group with some elements of USAFFE units engaged the vanguard of the Japanese Imperial Army advancing towards Daet, the capital town; a shrine was put up in Laniton to mark this historic feat of arms while surviving veterans and the sons and daughters of veterans who fell commemorate this event every Dec. 18 with fitting programs and activities in Basud and Daet under the auspices of the Veterans Federation of the Philippines – Camarines Norte Chapter (VFP-CN), Basud Municipal Government and the Provincial Government.

A Report On IP Video Surveillance

A Report On IP Video Surveillance The report is organized in the following way. The report starts with the introduction of the topic that includes the sub headings of: Aims and Objectives Literature review How does the IP video surveillance works Advantages of the IP video surveillance Disadvantages of the IP video surveillance Comparisons with the traditional video surveillance techniques Purpose of the research This is followed by the second chapter that explains the methodology of the research done. This contains the following sub headings. Definition of the research Reason for the research Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategy The research process Sampling of the Data Collection of the Data This is followed by the next chapter which is Findings and Analysis which consists of the following sub headings. Observations made Analysis of the observations. Other critical Findings. Inference and the basic derivations. Limitations of these findings and analysis This is followed by the last chapter which is Conclusion which takes the various aspects of the report and summarizes all the contents. Introduction PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH This research project which is titled as IP video surveillance in todays business environment is purposed to investigate, identify and explore mainly the following dimensions related to: The advantages and disadvantages of the IP video surveillance over the conventional and the traditional analog video surveillance. Explore the potential of the IP video surveillance in the fields like security, safety, and other business related purposes. Listing the latest and the most recent innovational developments in the field of IP video surveillance. Finding the designs related with the implementation of the IP video surveillance systems. Justifying the investment in the IP video surveillance for the business purposes. The video surveillance is finding the new applications in the physical security and safety in the various fields. To combat with the terrorism and theft along with finding the ways through the technological innovations to protect the personal and group properties and asset, the IP video surveillance technique is presently on its boom. This research project focuses on analyzing such benefits of the implementation of the IP based surveillance of the videos to see how the loss of the property and the time by the theft and other reasons can be avoided that affects the profits and the sales of any business or the organization whether it is a private firm, government organization, manufacturing units, retail stores, etc. The research is also focused on finding the methods and determining its feasibility to develop a security system be it the centralized or the distributed one for the world wide businesses and some other purposes by the use of the IP network enabled instruments for the video capture and other features. Another focus was to analyze the various aspects and protocols needed to assemble the various facilities available in the form of the internet and the world wide web with the various types of cameras and other electronic devices to transmit and receive the videos, communicating the data with the required control and security and the transmission of the related information in the most appropriate and the convenient way so as to seek the ultimate benefits to the business oriented environment. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aim of the project IP video surveillance in todays business environment is to determine and study the capacity and potentiality of using the IP video surveillance and finding the most appropriate and feasible applications of it in the todays business environment through an in-depth analysis of its design and implementation. The main objective of this project is to study the over topic IP video surveillance and analyze its productivity and feasibility along with the justifications and the list of the advantageous factors for the implementation of this technology for the business related purposes. Other objectives of this project are also listed below: Exploring and understanding the benefits of using the IP based video surveillance in the security, safety and the management related issues of the business. Getting the justifications for the recommendation of the use of the IP video surveillance for the business purposes. To have a critical understanding of the concepts related with the available IP video surveillance technologies and the pros and cons of each of these concepts if applicable. To indentify the recent and the latest technological innovations in the field of the IP video surveillance with the emphasizing focus on the use of intelligence in the process involved in the form of video analytics. Analyze how the existing equipments and the systems can be utilized with the required modifications in order to get a planned migration from the existing video surveillance to the new technologies of the IP based video surveillance system. To analyze the construction and design for the implementation of the IP video surveillance system. The research will provide a deep insight of the technology of IP video surveillance along with the consideration of the existing, conventional and traditional ways of doing the video surveillance. The research has analyzed the different aspects of the changing trends with the complete overview of the advantages and implications of implementing the technology with the detailed report of benefits related to the security, safety and management of the businesses and their feasibility in the light of its complexity, monetary required and other essential elements. LITERATURE REVIEW In the literature review of this project, I have made a deep study of the published and unpublished work to understand and analyze the different concepts related to the video capturing, surveillance techniques and algorithms, various internet protocols along with the requirements and essential needs for the business professional and firms and the security and safety issues related to it. Several elements and components related with the project were analyzed and studied with the different perspectives to get an idea and the base to predict and get the inferential analysis of the fact and figures to get the final results and conclusions to predict and present the recommendations in the light and support of these analysis. The reviews and the reports were taken as the secondary source of the data which means that they are not based on the new findings or the experimental researches but just the referential reading material containing the data that has evolved out of the previously done researches and experiments to support for the further research and development. (What is a literature review?)It helped me to build the substantial knowledge base and the acquaintance of various methodologies for the study of the taken research project of IP video surveillance with its application in the todays business environment. The reviews and the studies were made from the different available resources like journals, books, reports, published or unpublished interviews, doctoral thesiss, doctoral presentations, newspaper articles, business reports, research papers from the different national and the international conferences and student project reports. This gave me enough insight of the previous researches done and the further research required and also helped me to know my domain of how I can contribute for the further research. These literature reviews also helped me to build up a base full of the knowledge and the logical aspects for the analysis of the information and the data gathered from the intensive interviews conducted. (What is a literature review?) The study of the few statistical concepts were also done to have a better understanding of the data and also for the removal of any undesired and unrequited error that may have crept in due to the negligence or the ignorance of the interviewee. To better understand the concepts of the digital and the analog practices and the technology of the CCTV surveillance I gone through the CCTV Surveillance, second edition book available at the Google books. (Kruegle, CCTV surveillance: analog and digital video practices and technology, 2006) The loss and the crime prevention techniques were studied from the Handbook on the loss prevention and the Crime prevention by the Lawrence J. Fennely which explained the benefits of implementation of CCTV video surveillance to the institutions. (Fennely, Handbook of loss prevention and crime prevention, 2003) The researchers conducted by the IMS showed that the IP video surveillance is the fastest growing field of research in the physical and the remote security. (The business to business trade publication for information and physical Security profe, 2009) The increasing sophistication of the video analyst software and its integration with the other sensors were understood from the book Protecting Privacy in Video Surveillance by Andrew Senior. (Senior, 2009) The changes in the technologies, advantages and disadvantages of the IP video surveillance system, etc were studied from the different sources like an article by Lucy P.Roberts. (How IP-based video surveillance works) There is a growing need for information to support business intelligence application. Business intelligence information such as counting of people going in or out of the store, determining customer shopping habbits, information on the store occupancy information, and the others can be gathered using the video analytics. (Branislav, Embedded Computer Vision, 2009) Besides, several research papers like Towards developing Secure Video Surveillance over IP, Design and implementation of an IP-based Intelligent Video Surveillance System were also studied. Basics The IP video surveillance is one of the most promising technologies of the future that is designed to work on the Internet Protocols and allows the users to get the view of the distant images digitized over the local area or even the wide area network. The devices like high resolution video camera, CCD, etc takes the scene in front of it, converts it to the corresponding digital signal send it over the network, where it is transmitted to the computers, servers, etc to finally reach the destination. The server has the responsibility to manage all these information. These digital images are managed, recorded, displayed, and retransmitted to any part of the world using the various tools and techniques with the various software, hardware and algorithms. The software packages that is involved with the use of the video surveillance can be modified to serve for the various purposes like analyzing the data, selecting some of the features and the objects to watch for, hosting various function s, analyzing the environment, thus building it into the a powerful customizable tool for security and various other purposes. (Video Surveillance Technology) The IP-based digital video surveillance makes the use of CCD cameras which are the charged coupled devices, and use the digital signal processing tools and algorithms that sends the packetized or the buffered video streams over the LAN or WAN using the standard TCP/IP communication. (Video Surveillance Technology) To make the better utilization of the bandwidth, the transmission is done through a Cat 5 cable rather than the coax cable network. The IP video surveillance can also provide various intelligent data mining and information retrieval techniques to smartly analyze and extract the logical information from the video being processed. The tools and techniques like the data encryption and some others can be used to protect the transmitted data against the image processing in order to do away with the security issues if they are essential for the transmission of the videos to the remote locations. The technologies of the IP video surveillance is getting more and more advanced and in the recent developments the companies like D-Link and Linksys have developed such efficient digital cameras that have actually integrated the built-in web servers and no external device or computers are required to operate them with the signals being transmitted directly to the required remote locations for the storage and play-back purposes. (How IP-based video surveillance works) HOW DOES THE IP VIDEO SURVEILLANCE WORKS Earlier the technology that was used for the video surveillance was the analog technology. The process was quite simple with the use of the closed circuit televisions (CCTV) and the recording on the tapes. The recording used to be fine, where the images and the videos were used to get recorded on the storage devices and played back later on for the surveillance purposes but the problem was that it didnt broadcast the actual live information, so although it used to provide the essential information but was obviously impractical for monitoring the remote locations, etc. The quality of the picture was also not very good and also the human reliability was required as someone has to interfere with the system time to time in order to change the tapes regularly, etc. (Networks, 2010) In the simple terms, it provided the video after the happening of the fact and not instantly. With the revolution in the internet technologies in the 1990s and the increasing presence and the demand on the Local Area Network revolutionized the field of the video surveillance too. Now, the traditional analog cameras were able to be replaced by the digital ones and the Charged Coupled Devices (CCD) which came into the existence and gradually became affordable to most of the people. (Networks, 2010) With this revolution in the field, it provided the surveillance to do the important things like going live over the internet or a closed network for the purpose of surveillance, provide the better picture quality, clearer in view which can be easily manipulated. With the digitized images, it became much easier to zoom the images, track the particular scenes and enhance the feature as the user desires which has a large number of applications in law enforcement, defense purpose, research and development processes. (Video Surveillance) ADVANTAGES OF IP VIDEO SURVEILLANCE There are a number of advantages of the IP video surveillance for the home, business, defense, and research related purposes. Some of them are listed below (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage): The IP video surveillance can be very efficient in terms of its flexibility as the IP cameras can be highly mobile in the terms that it can be moved anywhere in the network having the IP standard. This mobility and the flexibility can be of very high level in case of the wireless networks. (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage) The cameras used in the surveillance, the IP cameras can be provided with the modifications to implement the distributed intelligence. This can be done by the various ways like adding the video analytics right on the cameras allowing it to get the scalability in the analytic solutions. (Benifits of network video Surveillance) The IP video surveillance also allows the two-way audio/video transmission through a single network cable which can allow the users to communicate with what they are seeing. (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage) With the development of the type of cameras in this field, various high range cameras with the high resolution which can provide the multi-megapixel resolution of the image and the HDTV image quality as high as 30 frames per second on a normal network. Transmission of the digital commands for the features like pan, tilt and zoom (PTZ) via a single network cable is also possible. (Benifits of network video Surveillance) The transmission of the videos can be done through the various encryption and authentication methods such as WPA, WPA2, WEP, TKIP, AES, etc. (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage) Another advantage of this technology is that it is highly remote accessible i.e. the live videos captured from one place can be viewed from anywhere in the world, any computer, any internet enabled device, also from the mobile smart phones, etc even they can be correspondingly viewed from a number of places at the same time. (Benifits of network video Surveillance) For the large systems like those that have more than 25-30 cameras, the IP video surveillance system becomes highly cost effective. The IP video surveillance can also be managed to function over the wireless networks which requires only the initial configuration through the routers after which they are ready to be used in the wireless network. This technique is of the extreme importance for their use in the navigation purposes in the defense forces. (Wireless Internet Video Cameras) The cameras used in the surveillance i.e. the IP cameras mostly do not require the additional power supply and can be operated using the PoE i.e. Power over Ethernet using the PoE protocol which derives the power from the Ethernet cable for the cameras to operate. (Power over Ethernet (PoE)) DISADVANTAGES OF IP VIDEO SURVEILLANCE With the number of advantages of using the IP Video surveillance, there are also few disadvantages related to its use. Some of them are listed below (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage): Comparatively high cost related with the surveillance due to higher initial cost related with the camera and its installation except for the cases when the cheap and less expensive webcams are used. (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage) If the system is transmitting the videos over the public Internet rather than a private LAN whether it is the CCTV or the DVR system, the system becomes quite opened to the hacking and cracking via the internet. Attackers can attack to the transmission stealing the various personnel, business or defense information which can be very harmful for the users. (IP versus analog cameras) The bandwidth required for the system is very high. A typical CCTV camera system of the resolution of 640X480 pixels and 10 frames per second in the MJPEG mode requires the bandwidth as at least 3 MB/S which is quite high for a normal user. (IP versus analog cameras) The installation procedures of the camera systems are considerably complicated and require the professional technical assistance. (IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage) COMPARISON WITH THE TRADITIONAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUES As described above earlier the analog or CCTV/ DVR system was used for the purpose of the video surveillance instead in comparison to the topic of our discussion which is IP based video surveillance. The comparison is summarized in the following table: Sl no. IP Video Surveillance Analog or CCTV/DVR Video Surveillance 1. The IP based video surveillance means the instant transmission of the images anytime anywhere and in the world. The live transmission of the obtained video is neither possible nor practical. 2. The quality of the recorded video does not decreases with the number of replays or repetitions. The quality of the storage gets poorer an poorer with the repetitions. 3. The IP standard can be used to control a number of cameras at the same time from one remote location 4. The recording on IP basis can be highly compressible and can be transported in the various ranges of formats, size and quality. Storage of the analog videos is generally much more bulky than the digitized ones. 5. Digital picture quality is generally better to that of the analog ones. The image quality is inferior to that which is obtained from the digital ones. 6. Encryption can be done for security purposes for the digital images. There are almost no encryption techniques available for the analog videos. 7. The updating in the requirements can be done very easy and inexpensively by having the updates and add ons in the software package or Internet networking. The updating just means the updating in the hardware. 8. The frame rates are adjustable. Frame rate can adjusted only through the hardware not through any algorithm. 9. The number of cameras can be easily added, removed or modified with very ease. The number of cameras can be added or deleted only in the set of 16 as in the case of DVRs. 10. Sharing can also be done on the wireless networks like Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wifi, etc Only the physical transport of the tapes is possible. 11. Standard IP video compression techniques can also be utilized. These techniques are not applicable here. ibliography Branislav. (2009). Embedded Computer Vision. Springer. Fennely, L. J. (2003). Handbook of loss prevention and crime prevention. Elsevier. How IP-based video surveillance works. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2011, from Video Surveillance Guide: http://www.video-surveillance-guide.com/how-IP-based-video-surveillance-works.htm IP Camera Advantage and Disadvantage. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2011, from IPMarket.Info: http://ipvideomarket.info/report/should_i_use_ip_cameras__reviewing_ip_camera_advantages Kruegle, H. CCTV Surveillance, Videos services and technology. Kruegle, H. (2006). CCTV surveillance: analog and digital video practices and technology. Butterworth-Heinemann. Senior, A. (2009). Protecting Privacy in Video Surveillance. Springer. The business to business trade publication for information and physical Security profe. (2009, February). CXO Media Inc. Vol. 8, No. 1 , p. 36. Video Surveillance. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2011, from Video Surveillance: http://www.videosurveillance.com/

Persuasive essay on Hard Work -- Essays Papers

Hard work is challenging work. But why does it have to be challenging work? Because challenging work, when intelligently chosen, pays off. It’s the work that people of lesser character will avoid. And if you infer that I’m saying people who avoid challenging work have a character flaw, you’re right†¦ and a serious one at that. If you avoid challenging work, you avoid doing what it takes to succeed. To keep your muscles strong or your mind sharp, you need to challenge them. To do only what’s easy will lead to physical and mental flabbiness and very mediocre results, followed by a great deal of time and effort spent justifying why such flabbiness is OK, instead of stepping up and taking on some real challenges. Tackling challenges builds character, just as lifting weights builds muscle. To avoid challenge is to abandon one’s character development. Now it’s natural that we’ll tend to avoid what’s painful, so if we see challenge as purely painful, we’ll surely avoid it. But in so doing, we’re avoiding some very important character development, which by its very nature is often tremendou...

Exchange to ne Hardware :: essays research papers

If you simply want to do an in-place upgrade of Exchange 2000 to Exchange 2003 using the same server, you’ve got it made – Microsoft has explained the process of upgrading and made it pretty simple. Even if you’re still using Exchange v5.5, Microsoft has you covered with a wealth of documentation to peruse. But what if you’re an Exchange 2000 organization that wants to bring in a new Exchange 2003 system alongside your existing machine, move all your content over to it, and decommission the original box? Then you’re left scratching your head. At the time of this writing, there is no guide I’ve been able to find that explains the process with any detail. This document will explain the process, combining information from numerous sources as well as my own experience. It’s very easy to bring Exchange Server 2003 into your Exchange 2000 organization, with minimal disruption to your existing server or your users. This document assumes you have an Exchange 2000 organization running in native mode. Henceforth, the Exchange 2000 system will be referred to as the â€Å"old† server, and the Exchange 2003 system will be referred to as the â€Å"new† server. I. Prepare your Network for Windows Server 2003 Regardless of how you intend to get to Exchange 2003, there are some basic steps that must be done. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Begin by reviewing Microsoft’s 314649 – â€Å"Windows Server 2003 adprep /forestprep Command Causes Mangled Attributes in Windows 2000 Forests That Contain Exchange 2000 Servers† This article explains that if you have Exchange 2000 installed in your organization, and you proceed with installing your first Windows Server 2003 system (and its accompanying schema modifications), you may end up with some mangled attributes in AD. Preventing this from happening is simple enough: a script called Inetorgpersonfix.ldf will do the trick. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Run adprep /forestprep from Windows Server 2003 CD on your Windows 2000 server that holds the Schema master FSMO role. (Of course you’ll need to be a member of Schema Admins). Be sure to replicate the changes throughout the forest before proceeding. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Run adprep /domainprep from Windows Server 2003 CD on your Windows 2000 server. I ran it on the system holding the PDC Emulator FSMO role. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before bringing a new Windows Server 2003 system online, it’s a good idea to review your third-party server utilities and upgrade them to the latest versions to ensure compatibility. In my installation, this included the latest versions of BackupExec, Symantec Antivirus Corp. Exchange to ne Hardware :: essays research papers If you simply want to do an in-place upgrade of Exchange 2000 to Exchange 2003 using the same server, you’ve got it made – Microsoft has explained the process of upgrading and made it pretty simple. Even if you’re still using Exchange v5.5, Microsoft has you covered with a wealth of documentation to peruse. But what if you’re an Exchange 2000 organization that wants to bring in a new Exchange 2003 system alongside your existing machine, move all your content over to it, and decommission the original box? Then you’re left scratching your head. At the time of this writing, there is no guide I’ve been able to find that explains the process with any detail. This document will explain the process, combining information from numerous sources as well as my own experience. It’s very easy to bring Exchange Server 2003 into your Exchange 2000 organization, with minimal disruption to your existing server or your users. This document assumes you have an Exchange 2000 organization running in native mode. Henceforth, the Exchange 2000 system will be referred to as the â€Å"old† server, and the Exchange 2003 system will be referred to as the â€Å"new† server. I. Prepare your Network for Windows Server 2003 Regardless of how you intend to get to Exchange 2003, there are some basic steps that must be done. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Begin by reviewing Microsoft’s 314649 – â€Å"Windows Server 2003 adprep /forestprep Command Causes Mangled Attributes in Windows 2000 Forests That Contain Exchange 2000 Servers† This article explains that if you have Exchange 2000 installed in your organization, and you proceed with installing your first Windows Server 2003 system (and its accompanying schema modifications), you may end up with some mangled attributes in AD. Preventing this from happening is simple enough: a script called Inetorgpersonfix.ldf will do the trick. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Run adprep /forestprep from Windows Server 2003 CD on your Windows 2000 server that holds the Schema master FSMO role. (Of course you’ll need to be a member of Schema Admins). Be sure to replicate the changes throughout the forest before proceeding. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Run adprep /domainprep from Windows Server 2003 CD on your Windows 2000 server. I ran it on the system holding the PDC Emulator FSMO role. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before bringing a new Windows Server 2003 system online, it’s a good idea to review your third-party server utilities and upgrade them to the latest versions to ensure compatibility. In my installation, this included the latest versions of BackupExec, Symantec Antivirus Corp.

Green Chemistry Essay -- essays research papers

If We Had Known About Green Chemistry In 1951, How Would Things Be Different Today? Green Chemistry is the making of chemical products that reduces or eliminates the use and production of hazardous substances in the designing, making, and use of chemical products. It involves the designing and re-designing of chemical creation and chemical products to prevent pollution which will therefore solve environmental problems. Green Chemistry is environmentally safe and has very little side effects on human health and the environment. Not many people know about Green Chemistry. Yet if we had know about Green Chemistry back around 1951, when the world began to develop it’s industries - such as farming, after World War II we wouldn’t now be battling things such as damage to the ozone layer, diseases and harm to the environment, caused by chemical pesticides and dumping of chemicals into our oceans and other waterways. Not enough people realise the importance of chemicals and green chemistry in everyday life. Most people think of chemicals as poisonous pesticides and or pollution. But it’s not. Chemicals can be used to help the environment. If we had known about Green Chemistry earlier many people could have been saved from diseases that were caused by chemical pollution. For example Asbestos is a chemical product used in buildings and trains. It has a hazardous effect on human health. Very fine dust particles break out of Asbestos products and when breathed in, enters and poisons ...

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay

Organizations around the world are continuously recording data and reporting financial information to the used for many purposes by the respective users. A tremendous amount of financial transactions continuously stir in the organizations, some transactions occur each second or minute whereas some transactions are very unique and take place occasionally as a result of a specific event. That is why to bring things in conformity and consistency, it is important that organizations establish standards and procedures for recording their data. In doing so present results will be in a position to be compared with historical data and with entities in similar industry. Listed companies have to particularly follow standard formats and disclose their financial information in such a way that it is easily understood by the users of the financial statements. This is because consistency flows through not just one organization but the entire industry making outcomes easier to contrast. These objectives are being addressed by standard setting boards such as IAASB by setting International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting standards (IFRS). Both IFRS and IAS are equal in terms of their value and standing. (Tatum Malcum) All transactions need to be recorded as suggested above. One of the aspects that are a part of recording is financial instruments; created by a legal document and having different monetary values. They can be classified as cash or derivative instruments. Cash type of financial instruments is widely used and can be most easily understood. Currency in itself is a cash instrument or a bank cheque is a good example which can be used to transfer money from one bank account to another. However derivative instruments include those tools such as futures; an instrument saying that the seller will sell the asset or buyer will buy it at a future date. Price of such transactions is determined at the time of entering into a future contract. There are other instruments as well such as options and swaps whereas sometimes stocks, bonds and currency forwards are also termed as financial instruments. (Tatum Malcum) Due to the wide range of financial instruments being used, IAS 39 was introduced by International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in 2001 to regulate the process of recognition and measurement of such transactions. The organizations dealing with them were facing problems with respect to treatment as different approaches were being applied by entities. This led to inconsistency of disclosing and recording of appropriate amounts within the industry as they were no standard process for recording the financial instruments. This directed the results of entities within the same industry to be incomparable with one another. Many of transactions involving financial instruments remained unrecognized as no proper recognition and measurement processes were known to the accountants. Hence CFO and CEO were in a position to distort the actual results and lead shareholders astray. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) In response to that IAS 39 introduced a concept of fair value accounting. The standard increased the importance of the fair value accounting for the financial instruments and therefore required entities to record assets and liabilities on the face of the balance sheet and discloses the nature of derivatives in the financial statements. In case of hybrids, the structure had to be broken down into two components (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur). This is because hybrid instruments have a mixture of characteristics of both debt and equity thereby market price of the hybrid instrument is sensitive to both the interest rates and quoted price for the stock (Riskglossory. com). The two components of the hybrid contract are real contracts however derivative is separated from the contract to be measured at fair value. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) IAS 39 also introduced hedge accounting for all derivatives in order to minimize the volatile affects on the income statement. Further segregation in the standard came into place as the â€Å"intention† of hedging was used to establish which accounting rules will be applied. As a result a fair value hedge, net investment hedge in foreign currency and cash flow hedge accounting rules was launched. In fair value hedging the risks are connected to the fluctuation of fair value of an underlying asset or liability. Whereas cash flow hedges are those in which the exposure is connected to the future cash flows of assets or liabilities recognized or any future commitment or forecasted cash flow of the organization. Moreover, the net investment hedge in foreign currency is hedging the risks of an entity’s net asset which is not an associate, joint venture or a subsidiary. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) Implication of this IAS affected all the users of financial statements and also the people who were trying to comply with the standard. The development of this standard and its implementation had significant impact on the strategies in dealing with financial risks. As the financial instruments have volatile affects on the equity portfolio and income statements these affects were then being countered by engaging in hedging strategies and transparent accounting policies. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) IAS 39 also provides organizations with the recognition criteria on how to record hedging instruments when entering into a transaction. After that at each period end gain and loss is recognized on an ongoing basis. So it has a forward looking stance at initiation but a backward bearing when re-assessment of investment’s effectiveness is carried out. The organizations needed to asses which process of reassessment would be right for their investment portfolio. A proper system was therefore required to record and reassess not only cash flows and fair values but also take into account the premiums and discounts involved. Moreover, IAS required the disclosure of all the investments and subsequent gains or loss arising due to it. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) The first revision of the IAS 39 took place in 2004 which incorporated Macro hedging, involving interest rates risks hedge. This amendment was made due to the increase use of these instruments and such investments were not addressed by IAS 39. Macro hedge is an investment technique to reduce or minimize the risks associated with the whole portfolio of investments (Peter Williams). This investments technique was widely spread because of the ease of information available about the interest rate and currency fluctuations between different countries. The macro managers earned by hedging the risks in different market by buying long and short in different markets of the globe. That increasing trend required the correct measurement and recognition of such investment which could only be linked with financial instruments dealt in IAS 39. (Hubpages, Inc. ) Further amendment took place on the issue of initial recognition of financial asset or liabilities and the subsequent charging of gain or loss. Initially all of such instruments were allowed to be measured on fair value if measured reliably. In 2005 the option to value instruments at fair value had been restricted to only those investments which had significantly reduced due to accounting mismatch along with those financial instruments whose fair values were regularly managed evaluated for its correctness. In addition IAS 39 stated before October 2008 that once an instrument is classified on the basis of fair value i. e through profit and loss category, it cannot be reclassified. Amendment in 2008 allowed some of the instruments to be reclassified from fair value and available for sale category under certain conditions and a disclosure is required in case of such a reclassification. Moreover it was stated that all the derivatives need to be reassessed in case of any reclassification; an issue that was developed due to the global credit crunch, significantly affecting the financial market. (Delloitte Touche Tohmatsu) With all the problems and issues dealing with financial instruments IASB and FASB started working together on IFRS 9 to replace IAS 39. Its purpose is to reduce difficulty in accounting for financial instruments and hedging activities. This development took place in phases. Phase one tends to improve and simplify the measurement and classification of the financial instruments. Though this phase has been completed but the exposure draft has been under plan to be issued and the implementation is to be completed in the current year. (International Accounting standard board) This new standard has raising concerns in the world in corporate sectors on how this will be implemented and how it will affect their operations. Many are happy for the change to take place as the IAS 39 is thought to be a difficult standard to implement. The replacement is a result of the world’s economic crises after which all the investors and the regulators of financial institutions were demanding for an accounting system which showed the types of assets and liabilities held at a given time, the risks that they are exposed to and gain and losses expect to be realized. (IFRS 9 – Deconstructing IAS 39) In 2008 when Lehman Brothers share price collapsed, the investors in turn rushed to purchase the share prices in anticipation of prices bouncing back. However they couldn’t see the situation of the bank’s exposure in financial instruments related to subprime loans as less information was disclosed for their understanding. Hence it was later suggested that accounting needs to be clearer which became evident upon the fall of many banks. IFRS 9 strived to cater and answer all these major issues in hand while giving organizations an option to adopt this standard before it becomes mandatory in 2013. Only the first phase of the standard is completed and all the stakeholders are waiting to implement it upon finalization of IFRS 9 completion. IFRS 9 – Deconstructing IAS 39) IFRS 9 looks to tackle all the current problems and questions probed by various investors but it cannot give a guarantee to prevent any crises in future. It is important that accountants, regulator and the investors remain vigilant because no matter how much IFRS 9 helps to simplify the accounting of financial reporting, when this economy starts its recovery phase no one can stop the development of new financial instruments eluding the situation like before. European Union refused to adopt IFRS 9 last year posing some questions relating to fair value of investments coverage. On the other hand Japan signed it for an early adoption in March 2010 which is a significant step toward promoting transparency in policies and implementation (IFRS 9 – Deconstructing IAS 39). Hence it can be clearly seen that IASB and FASB have been working for the betterment of the society by incorporating the external changes in the market which can be reflected upon the replacement of IAS 39 with IFRS 9.

Diversity and Multiculturalism Essay

Minority is a word describing a group representing a population smaller than the State. They are people of distinct culture, religion, language and ethnicity from the norms of the Society. Any group resembling the stated characteristics is a Minority. This description clearly emphasizes the rebuttal of Human Rights to people who are not living within the standards of the society. Group Rights or Minority Rights, in a popular manner, speaks of the Ethnic discrimination to some and a due right to others. Moreover, a conflict begins when an individual claims of his/her minority group and yet, the State does not recognize a Minority. The group rights tend to protect a certain group and reflects the other laws excluded on their existence, which for many individuals is a direct discrimination. Primarily, rights are powers to act in accordance with the existing system having values and principles approved by the society. It is a claim or title, whether legal, descriptive and moral (Sutton, 2001). The controversy exists regarding group rights on the term called Multiculturalism. This kind of group right often pertains to a member of an ethnic or religious group. Scholars perceive this kind of group right as a barrier to the actions that most ethnic groups have before there was â€Å"civilization. † It is a form of oppression because the majority opposes those traditional beliefs and pursues the so-called â€Å"equality† to such people. Group rights exist to discriminate, oppose and eliminate the traditional acts for the satisfaction of the majority. MULTICULTURALISM Multiculturalism is the opinion that all cultures, from tribesmen and modern civilization, to be equal. However, equality does not address the century old problem because of diverse conditions. Thus, multiculturalism confers with egalitarianism. The objective of multiculturalism is to obliterate the value of free, industrialized civilization, by declaring such civilization no better than the primitive tribalism. It wants to incapacitate the mind’s ability to differentiate good from evil, to differentiate life promoting to what life is negating. Some oppose this principle because they reason out that everyone has a right to moral judgment. The ideas and culture of a specific community should have recognition and respect. ISSUES ON MULTICULTURALISM Many question how the individuals would respect such minority rights if the problem remains on cultural differences. The argument of the multiculturalists’ defenders is that all cultures are equal and some factors coming from this culture are superior to the universal values. Some fruits of Enlightenment and egalitarian movements root from the cultural proponents. Colorful ethnic attire and interesting cuisine may seem interesting and attractive. Nevertheless, with the reality of women and children’s oppression worldwide, multiculturalism is increasingly a policy to maintain that oppression (Kamguian, 2005). The crimes against women become the celebration of traditional cultures and religions with the ignorance on it disadvantages. Governments of Western foundation utilized the policy of multiculturalism in the past, which encourage and uphold the demands for group rights coming from native populations, ethnic minorities or religious groups. However, these cultures have societal cultures that employ members of meaningful ways of life across the full range of human activities, including social, educational, religious, and recreational life. Because these societal cultures play an essential role in the lives of members and because these cultures face extinction, they should have special rights for protection. This accord with group rights but that is not the case with the societal norms like slavery, female genital mutilation, forced marriages, honor killing and other horrors respected by the society. These horrible practices are within the multicultural principle but it the proper action is to eradicate it. The argument begins with multiculturalism, which acts as a substitute policy to ensure a tolerant and democratized compliance in a world that conflicts between cultures eradicate such values. Moreover, the argument leads to racism and tyranny, as the dominant group want to create a universal norm. Another argument consists of the human basic need for cultural attachments. This need then should have protection from validating and protecting different cultures. The supporters of multiculturalism contrast that individual rights is sufficient enough for protection of minority cultures or their way of life that has a consequence of having special group rights and privileges such as arbitrations from Sharia in Canada and allowances fro polygamous men in France. In other cases, group rights claim to have political exclusions, govern their principles and exempt them from the general law. Often, cultures are patriarchal and many cultures claim group rights are more patriarchal than the surrounding cultures. Examples are the common gender inequalities like child marriages, forced marriages, divorce systems biased against women, polygamy and clitoridoctomy. These cases violate women and children’s individual rights of the society. This respect for cultural traditions resulted to lack of support and voices for women and children and the marginalization of progressive forces. When one observes the culture of these minority groups, they would see how oppression and repression reside within their own communities. Not all cultures are equal even though humans’ possess culture, some may be better that the other cultures and others may possess values unacceptable to the society. Indeed the very idea of equality is the product of the Enlightenment and the political and intellectual revolutions that it unleashed (Kamguian, 2005). Forcing equality means to challenge accepted practices and believing in possibility of transformation. However, permitting the differences by the dominant culture is the acceptance of the society as a whole. The â€Å"diversity† movement is not imparting knowledge to students, but promoting racism. – Michael S. Berliner Racism is a notion directing one race as superior to another race. The affirmative action viewed by some is a form of ethnic diversity, a form of politically correct disguise. The belief of racism is that one’s convictions, values and character is particularly based on anatomy or â€Å"blood† and not by judgment. This view tends to see people of different pigmentation as different from the superior pigmentation. The spread of racism causes destruction of the individual in one’s mind. This individual then clings to another race, wanting to have that belongingness because of race diversity. Proponents of diversity seem to be the true racists because they see the world through the color of lens, hair and skin. To multiculturalists, values, thinking and human identity all cling to race. Multiculturalism establishes the oppression in equality. Proponents of diversity teach the youth that people having different cultures also have different capacities resulting to recognition of separatism and glorifying a specific race. This revolutionizes â€Å"racial identity† that aims to erect an unbridgeable perception on race differences. Hence, any cooperation between races is impossible because of their differences being emphasized. ETHNICITY AND GROUP RIGHTS The Ethnic Group has group rights that defend their members who want to exercise their right to behave and enables them to act diversely from the majority. The ethnic group supports their group rights and their representatives, subsequently. It is unnecessary and undesirable to put these rights in a metaphysical entity, which bear their independent human characteristics. In addition, the right in question resorts to be a negative claim. The majority should not forbid such groups to defend their rights. In fact, for the reason that they have the utmost power in defense, they should assist the minority to respect and bear the minority rights in a positive way. However, this can apply to a situation where the ethnic group does a grave misconduct not prevented by the existing rules and regulations. Another is that the ethnic group should observe the group rights, voluntarily and autonomously. People cannot defend a right not chosen by them. Sutton defines that in order to enact such rights they must show the capacity to understand to successful claimants (Sutton, 2001, p 21). The ethnic group rights should correspond with the human rights, as it would give them the right to protect such liberties whenever the majority, which also has human rights, opposes their ethnic habits. Nonetheless, the civil liberty of individuals and ethnic group rights come from the principle of prima facie rights, which explains the liberty experienced by the ethnic group due to these rights has limitations whenever the ethnic habits impose grave suffering or serious restrictions of liberty on other human beings. In general, the obligation of the majority has a duty not to restrict freedom when they wish to observe harmless habits and if the majority’s opposition puts a grave suffering to the ethnic group, then, they have to restrict such opposition (Hayry, 2007). Ethnic minorities do not have a group right to force or coerce their members into observing duties, which are not required by the principles of liberty and the avoidance of suffering (Hayry, 2007). Individuals have three duties, the duty not to inflict harm to another individual, the duty not to restrict unreasonably the freedom of others and the duty not to breach voluntary, harmless contracts. The first duty means for the individuals to act accordingly to the rule of the group without coercing such right. The argument then is the term ethnic group coerces their right because they did not choose the term themselves but a group will not defend a right not made by them. Hence, the general implication is to coerce such freedom, which they themselves have not freely assumed. The second duty restricts any enforcement of freedom, which proves to be unnecessary to the ethnic group. The majority would see that being a member of a minority group would enforce the second duty that is false in belief that will alter the norms. Conversely, everyone has the duty to restrict or condemn habits that will impose suffering and unwarranted restrictions of freedom. In general, the second argument gives the majority the right to restrict ethnic habits given that it will impose harm to the society but it should exceed the principles of equality and fairness. Most of the majority will regard the thesis of defense concerning ethnic habits, which they find different from the norms, false. This is natural, as the dominant groups want a homogenous society supplying the best foundation for human flourishing, even if it costs the principle of liberty and avoidance of suffering. Nonetheless, the significant patterns that endow social conformity should have actions in eliminating cultural diversity (Hayry, 2007). INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS MULTICULTURALISM The principle on individualism is the individual as the primary unit of reality and the ultimate preference of value. Contrary to what other opinions say, individualism does not deny the existence of a society rather the society as a group of individuals not above those individuals. Individualism sees every person as the end of himself and there should be no sacrifice of an individual for another (Stata, 1992). The achievement of an individual credits for himself/herself and not based on the achievements of others. Even though the society believes of individualism as isolation, it does not deny the cooperation but is a theory of the conditions living and working with other people as beneficial. In general, individualism gives credit to an individual and not on the individual’s membership with a society. The probable cure for racial differences is individualism or seeing the person not because of his/her race but because of his/her abilities. The diversity movement aims to teach the following: diversity awareness, diversity training, diversity hiring and submissions and diversity accommodations, which all refer to racial preference. The proper dose on racial issues is to appreciate individually and treatment of collective merits (Locke, 2000). CONCLUSION Protection of human rights in various fields becomes depressing in the past century. Many have resulted to war, as they protect their community from discrimination and sustenance of group rights. Before group rights, many institutions protected the safety of minorities. Three major periods existed in favor of minority group rights. The first period appeared in a non-systematic protection comprising mainly of incorporation of protective clauses, particularly in favor of religious minorities. The second period existed after World War I within the framework of the League of Nations. Lastly are the developments following World War II (Lerner, 2003) on group rights. With all these developments in minorities and group rights, still the existing truth on racial discrimination is emerging. Many say of diversity as an act of racism, that employing group rights does not prove to be efficient in eradicating discrimination. Briefly, group rights is not a power rather a suppression, racial diversity and oppression hiding in equality. References Berliner, M. Diversity and Multiculturalism. 24 May 2000 14 November 2007 Sutton, P. Kinds of Rights in Country: Recognising Customary Rights as Incidents of Native Title. 2001. 14 November 2007 p. 29 National Native Title Tribunal. Hayry, H. Ethnicity and Group Rights, Individual Liberties and Immoral Obligations. 14 November 2007 Minority. 14 November 2007 Kamguian, A. Universal Rights versus Individual Rights. 6 July 2005 14 November 2007 Culture and Multiculturalism. 14 November 2007 Locke, E. Individualism – The Only Cure for Racism. 12 December 1997 14 November 2007 Lerner, N. Group Rights and Discrimination in International Law. Boston: Martinus Nihjoff Publishers, 2003.